Whispering truth to power: everyday resistance to reconciliation in postgenocide Rwanda
Whispering truth to power: everyday resistance to reconciliation in postgenocide Rwanda
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向权力低声诉说真相：种族灭绝后卢旺达每天对和解的抵制
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
Sarah E. Watkins
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作者：
Sarah E. Watkins
在过去的五年里，与现代卢旺达有关的学术知识发生了明显的转变，其特点是对保罗·卡加梅总统及其政党卢旺达爱国阵线（RPF）的种族灭绝后政权的批评态度日益增加。苏珊·汤姆森（Susan Thomson）的《向权力耳语真相》（Whispering Truth to Power）对文学的这一转变做出了重要贡献，提供了丰富的、民族志上知情的见解，阐述了国家权力--特别是卢旺达爱国阵线（RPF）的民族团结与和解计划--如何影响普通卢旺达农村人的日常生活，以及他们如何反过来参与微妙但有意义的抵抗行动。汤姆森首先介绍了国家权力在种族灭绝后时期渗透卢旺达人生活的机制，以及卢旺达人表现抵抗的间接方式，她将其归类为“袖手旁观、不敬的顺从和退缩的沉默”（第9页）。她指出，卡加梅是10个因其富有远见的领导和卢旺达自1994年种族灭绝以来强劲的经济增长而闻名的人之一。然而，她警告读者，卡加梅和卢旺达爱国阵线同时赢得了通过民族团结与和解计划主导社会政治生活各个方面的声誉，据称这一方面是防止种族紧张局势和暴力死灰复燃所必需的，但另一方面导致几乎完全没有真正的政治反对，言论自由，新闻自由，和其他完整的公民自由。为了梳理出卢旺达农村人受到国家权力影响的确切方式，汤姆森使用了民族志方法，她总结为包括
Over the last five years, there has been a pronounced shift in academic knowledge related to modern Rwanda, characterized by an increasingly criti cal stance toward the postgenocide regime of President Paul Kagame and his party, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Susan Thomson’s Whispering Truth to Power represents an important contribution to this shift in the literature, offering rich, ethnographically informed insights on the ways that state power— in particular, the RPF’s program of national unity and reconciliation— impacts the everyday lives of ordinary rural Rwandans, and how they, in turn, engage in subtle but meaningful acts of resistance. Thomson begins by introducing the mechanisms through which state power infiltrates Rwandans’ lives in the postgenocide period and the indirect ways that Rwandans demonstrate resistance, which she categorizes as “staying on the sidelines, irreverent compliance, and withdrawn muteness” (p. 9). She notes that Kagame is of ten celebrated for his visionary leadership and Rwanda’s robust economic growth since the 1994 genocide. However, she warns readers that Kagame and the RPF have simultaneously earned a reputation for dominating all aspects of sociopo liti cal life through a program of national unity and reconciliation that on one hand is allegedly necessary to prevent the resurgence of ethnic tensions and violence, but on the other results in a nearcomplete absence of genuine po liti cal opposition, free dom of speech, free dom of the press, and other integral civil liberties. In order to tease out the precise ways that rural Rwandans are impacted by state power, Thomson uses ethnographic methods, which she summarizes as comprising