Associational Networks and Welfare States in Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan
Associational Networks and Welfare States in Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan
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阿根廷、巴西、韩国和台湾的协会网络和福利国家
DOI：
10.1017/s0043887112000111
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Cheol
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cheol
本文研究了四个新近民主化的发展中国家的公民网络结构及其在指导政党和工会精英就福利国家的缩减或扩大作出政治选择时所起的作用。利用建立在两波世界价值观调查基础上的合作网络，以及来自阿根廷、巴西、韩国和台湾的比较案例研究的证据，本研究开发了两个解释福利政治差异的因素：凝聚力和嵌入性。然而，在巴西和韩国，政党和工会领导人在更广泛的公民社区中的持久团结使他们能够抵制福利国家的紧缩（巴西）或实施基于自下而上的福利要求动员的普遍社会政策（韩国）。本文表明，在面对经济危机和民主竞争时，正式部门的精英根据其在正式和非正式公民网络中的组织联系做出了明显不同的政治选择。
This article investigates the structures of civic networks and their roles in steering the political choices of party and union elites regarding the retrenchment or expansion of welfare states in four recently democratized developing countries. Utilizing coaffiliation networks built upon two waves of World Values Surveys and evidence from comparative case studies for Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan, the study develops two explanatory factors that account for variations in welfare politics: cohesiveness and embeddedness. In Argentina and, to a lesser degree, in Taiwan, party and union leaders’ cohesive relationships, being disarticulated from the informal civic sphere, allowed them to conduct elite-driven social policy reforms from above, by launching radical neoliberal reforms (Argentina) or by developing a generous transfer-centered welfare state (Taiwan). In Brazil and South Korea, however, party and union leaders’ durable solidarity embedded in wider civic communities enabled them to resist the retrenchment of welfare states (Brazil) or implement universal social policies (South Korea) based on bottom-up mobilization of welfare demands. This article demonstrates that elites in the formal sector make markedly different political choices when confronting economic crisis and democratic competition depending upon their organizational connections in formal and informal civic networks.