Identity Avoidance in Phonology and Morphology
Identity Avoidance in Phonology and Morphology
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音韵学和形态学中的同一性回避
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Patrick M. Farrell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Yip;Diane K. Brentari;A. Carstairs;Larry M. Hyman;Sharon Inkelas;J. McCarthy;Orhan Orgun;David H. Perlmutter;S. Lapointe;Patrick M. Farrell
许多语言避免同音成分的序列，无论是音素还是语素。有人认为，一个单一的原则的基础上所有这些情况下的避免，这一原则可以与其他的语法导致省略一个语素，或迫使不同的句法输出之间的选择。本文是在优选论的框架下进行阐述的，主要有三点。首先，优选语法的至少一些输入必须是抽象的形态规范，如PLURAL。它们是形态句法在语音上的不完全输出。其次，词素实现是试图以约束形式满足输出目标的结果：REPEAT，2 =a; PL=s，等等。这样的词素没有熟悉意义上的底层形式（参见哈蒙德1995，拉塞尔1995）。第三，目标约束可能会被各种语音约束所超越，特别是对元素重复的约束，这里称为OCP。这些元素可以是语音的（特征、音段）或形态的（词缀、词干）。这些发现支持了Pierrehumbert（1993 a）的观点，即身份具有广泛的认知根源。第1节给出了一些背景处理的形态数据在OT。第二节讨论了形态学中的身份回避，并提出了基本的建议。第三节讨论汉语、英语和古希腊语中相邻同音语素的情况。第4节着眼于英语和印地语中相邻词（但它们本身并不是串相邻的）上的同音语素。第5节着眼于爪哇语的重叠，并认为回声词是由两个相同的词干（OCP）和一个需要两个相同的词干（REPEAT）之间的紧张关系造成的。这项工作进行了一段时间，并产生了两篇论文：目前的工作，并详细探讨重叠和身份避免爪哇，叶（即将出版）。前几部分构成了两篇论文的必要背景，并且在很大程度上是相同的;每篇论文中的数据和分析虽然互补，但却不同。
Many languages avoid sequences of homophonous elements, be they phonemes or morphemes. It is argued that a single principle underlies all such cases of avoidance, and that this principle can interact with the rest of the grammar resulting in the omission of one morpheme, or forcing a choice between different syntactic outputs. This paper is formulated within Optimality Theory, and makes three main points. First, at least some inputs to the Optimality Grammar must be abstract morphological specifications like PLURAL. They are phonologically incomplete outputs of the morpho-syntax. Second, morpheme realization results from an attempt to meet output targets in the form of constraints: REPEAT, 2 =a; PL=s, and so on. Such morphemes do not have underlying forms in the familiar sense (cf Hammond 1995, Russell 1995). Third, the target constraints may be out-ranked by phonological constraints of various kinds, particularly constraints against the repetition of elements, here called the OCP. The elements may be phonological (feature, segment) or morphological (affix, stem). These findings support the view of Pierrehumbert (1993a) that identity has broad cognitive roots. Section 1 gives some background on the handling of morphological data in OT. Section 2 discusses identity avoidance in morphology and sets out the basic proposal. Section 3 discusses cases of adjacent homophonous morphemes in Mandarin, English, and Classical Greek. Section 4 looks at homophonous morphemes on adjacent words (but which are not themselves string-adjacent) in English and Hindi. Section 5 looks at reduplication in Javanese, and argues that echo-words result from the tension between a requirement that penalizes a sequence of two identical stems, OCP(Stem), and one that requires two identical stems, REPEAT(Stem). This work took place over some time, and resulted in two papers: the present work, and a detailed exploration of reduplication and identity-avoidance in Javanese, Yip (forthcoming). The early sections form the necessary background to both papers, and are largely identical; the data and analyses in each paper are different, although complementary.