When 2x4 is meaningful: the N400 and P300 reveal operand format effects in multiplication verification
When 2x4 is meaningful: the N400 and P300 reveal operand format effects in multiplication verification
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DOI：
10.1111/psyp.13212
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Wicha, Nicole Y. Y.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dickson, Danielle S.;Cerda, Vanessa R.;Wicha, Nicole Y. Y.
算术问题与典型句子有许多共同的表面特征。他们断言关于世界的信息，读者可以在陈述展开时通过查阅他们的记忆来评估这些信息的敏感性。当人们遇到3x 4问题的解决方案时，大脑会产生一个强大的ERP效应，作为答案预期的函数（12是预期的完成; 15是意外的）。最初，这被称为N400效应，意味着语义记忆已经被访问。随后的工作表明，该效应是由目标P300驱动到正确的解决方案。目前的研究操纵操作数格式差异促进访问基于语言的算术语义表示。操作数以口头数字或连续的阿拉伯数字的形式出现。关键的解决方案总是一个阿拉伯数字。在实验1中，正确的解决方案之前，口头操作数调制N400的振幅，而解决方案之前，阿拉伯数字引起的P300正确的问题。在实验2中，只使用口语操作数，第二个操作数和阿拉伯数字的解决方案之间的延迟被操纵，以确定是否额外的处理时间将导致P300。延迟时间越长，N400越早，P300不明显。简而言之，高度熟悉的数字操作数促进了目标检测，而口语数字促进了语义级别的处理，即使解决方案格式本身保持不变。这提供了证据表明，大脑可以在不同的表征意义水平上处理算术事实信息，作为符号格式的函数。
Arithmetic problems share many surface-level features with typical sentences. They assert information about the world, and readers can evaluate this information for sensibility by consulting their memories as the statement unfolds. When people encounter the solution to the problem 3x4, the brain elicits a robust ERP effect as a function of answer expectancy (12 being the expected completion; 15 being unexpected). Initially, this was labeled an N400 effect, implying that semantic memory had been accessed. Subsequent work suggested instead that the effect was driven by a target P300 to the correct solutions. The current study manipulates operand format to differentially promote access to language-based semantic representations of arithmetic. Operands were presented either as spoken number words or as sequential Arabic numerals. The critical solution was always an Arabic numeral. In Experiment 1, the correctness of solutions preceded by spoken operands modulated N400 amplitude, whereas solutions preceded by Arabic numerals elicited a P300 for correct problems. In Experiment 2, using only spoken operands, the delay between the second operand and the Arabic numeral solution was manipulated to determine if additional processing time would result in a P300. With a longer delay, an earlier N400 and no distinct P300 were observed. In brief, highly familiar digit operands promoted target detection, whereas spoken numbers promoted semantic level processingeven when solution format itself was held constant. This provides evidence that the brain can process arithmetic fact information at different levels of representational meaningfulness as a function of symbolic format.