What is Segregation?
What is Segregation?
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什么是隔离？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Chris Taylor
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Gorard;Chris Taylor
对不平等的衡量构成了各种社会学调查的背景，例如，可以按职业阶级、性别或种族描述机会差距，以及这些差异随时间和地点的趋势。然后可以更详细地探索这些初步的描述性模式，以揭示其社会经济决定因素，从而减少不平等。然而，至少可以追溯到20世纪30年代的“指数之战”已经清楚地表明，衡量不平等并不是一个简单的问题。在某种程度上，调查所获得的结果以及因此所要探讨的进一步问题的定义取决于所使用措施的精确性质。本文集中讨论隔离措施。它考虑了一些可供分析机构之间社会经济劣势传播模式的分析人员使用的方法。它侧重于衡量公平性和曝光率，排练每种方法的相对优势，并展示它们在实践中是如何紧密相关的。首次引入了强组成不变性和弱组成不变性的概念，证明了一些常见的分离指标，如不相似度指标，只显示弱组成不变性。因此，它提倡在适当的情况下使用精确的交换比例，这里称之为“隔离指数”。这已经在我们对英国学校不断变化的社会经济构成的长期研究中得到了发展和成功的应用。
Measures of inequality form the backdrop to a variety of sociological investigations, allowing the description of gaps in opportunity by occupational class, gender or ethnicity, for example, and of trends in these differences over time and place. These preliminary descriptive patterns can then be explored in more detail to uncover their socio-economic determinants, leading to the reduction of inequality. However, it has become clear from the ‘index wars’ dating back to at least the 1930s that measuring inequality is not a simple issue. To some extent the results obtained in an investigation and, therefore, the definition of further problems to be explored, are dependent on the precise nature of the measures used. This paper concentrates on measures of segregation. It considers a number of the methods available to the analyst concerned with the patterns of spread of socio-economic disadvantage between institutions. It focuses on measures of evenness and exposure, rehearsing the relative advantages of each approach and showing how closely related they are in practice. It introduces for the first time the notions of strong and weak compositional invariance, showing that some common indices of segregation, such as the dissimilarity index, display only weak compositional invariance. It therefore advocates the use instead, in appropriate circumstances, of the precise exchange proportion, termed here the ‘segregation index’. This has been developed and used successfully in our long-term study of the changing socio-economic composition of schools in the UK.