Can You See Me Now?: Toward Reasonable Standards for Law Enforcement Access to Location Data that Congress Could Enact
Can You See Me Now?: Toward Reasonable Standards for Law Enforcement Access to Location Data that Congress Could Enact
复制标题
你现在能看到我吗？：制定国会可以制定的执法人员获取位置数据的合理标准
DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.1845644
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Christopher Soghoian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Stephanie K. Pell;Christopher Soghoian
执法机构使用位置信息是很常见的，随着技术的改进，可以收集更准确、更精确的位置数据，这种情况越来越多。围绕着正确的执法访问预期位置数据标准的法律谜团仍未得到解决。这个谜团，加上对未来和历史位置数据的适当执法访问标准的相互矛盾的裁决，造成了一个混乱、不一致的法律环境，即使是同一个地区的法官，也可能要求执法部门满足不同的标准来强制获取位置数据。随着法院努力解决这些交织在一起的技术、隐私和法律问题，一些法官对政府不受约束地收集和使用位置数据所带来的危害范围表示担忧，从具体的个人到一般的社会，以及如何应对这些危害。法官们试图通过直接引用奥威尔在1984年的反乌托邦，以及对杰里米·边沁（Jeremy Bentham）及其后来的诠解者米歇尔·福柯（Michel Foucault）所观察到的“全景效应”（panoptic effect）的暗示性暗示，来传达这些担忧的范围和严重性。一些人进一步建议，执法部门获取位置数据所引发的隐私问题，或许可以由立法机构更有效地解决。本文提出了位置信息执法访问标准和下游隐私保护的立法模式。该提案试图(1)阐明法院适用的明确规则，以及执法人员和行业遵循的规则；(2)在执法、隐私和行业的利益之间取得合理的平衡，最终目标是在与当前法律状况相比较时改善所有相关方的地位。
The use of location information by law enforcement agencies is common and becoming more so as technological improvements enable collection of more accurate, precise location data. The legal mystery surrounding the proper law enforcement access standard for prospective location data remains unsolved. This mystery, along with conflicting rulings over the appropriate law enforcement access standards for both prospective and historical location data, has created a messy, inconsistent legal landscape where even judges in the same district may require law enforcement to meet different standards to compel location data. As courts struggle with these intertwined technology, privacy, and legal issues, some judges are expressing concern over the scope of the harms, from specific and personal to general and social, presented by unfettered government collection and use of location data and how to respond to them. Judges have sought to communicate the scope and gravity of these concerns through direct references to Orwell’s dystopia in 1984, as well as suggestive allusions to the “panoptic effect” observed by Jeremy Bentham and his later interpreters like Michel Foucault. Some have gone on to suggest that privacy issues raised by law enforcement access to location data might be addressed more effectively by the legislature.This Article proposes a legislative model for law enforcement access standards and downstream privacy protections for location information. This proposal attempts to (1) articulate clear rules for courts to apply and law enforcement agents and industry to follow; and (2) strike a reasonable balance among the interests of law enforcement, privacy, and industry with the ultimate goal of improving the position of all concerned when measured against the current state of the law.