When Wrong is Right: The Instructional Power of Multiple Conceptions

When Wrong is Right: The Instructional Power of Multiple Conceptions
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当错误就是正确时:多重观念的教学力量

DOI:
10.1145/3446871.3469750
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference on International Computing Education Research
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Shapiro, Benjamin R.
Shapiro, Benjamin R.
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Margulieux, Lauren;Denny, Paul;Cunningham, Kathryn;Deutsch, Michael;Shapiro, Benjamin R.

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几十年来,包括计算机教育在内的教育界一直在争论告诉学生他们需要知道的东西(即,直接指导)与引导他们自己构建知识(即,建构主义)。这两种教学方法的比较有不一致的结果。直接指导对短期表现更有效,但对保留和转移更差。建构主义可以产生更好的保持和迁移,但这个结果是不可靠的。为了有助于这场辩论,我们提出了一个新的理论,以更好地解释这些研究结果。我们的理论,多概念理论,指出,学习者发展更好的概念知识时,他们被引导比较多个概念的概念教学过程中。为了检验这一理论的有效性,我们使用这个透镜来评估八种指导学习者比较多个概念的教学技术的文献,其中四种来自直接教学(即,测试增强学习,错误的例子,类比推理,和反驳文本)和四个来自建构主义(即,生产性失败,雄心勃勃的教学法,基于问题的学习和探究学习)。我们专门研究了使他们或多或少成功的技术的变化,负责的机制,以及这些机制如何促进概念知识,这对保留和转移至关重要。为了使本文直接适用于教育,我们提出了教学设计原则的基础上,我们确定的机制。此外,我们通过检查计算教育中常用的比较多个概念的教学技术来说明理论。最后,我们提出的方法,这一理论可以促进我们的教学计算和计算教育研究人员如何可以推进这一通识教育理论。
For many decades, educational communities, including computing education, have debated the value of telling students what they need to know (i.e., direct instruction) compared to guiding them to construct knowledge themselves (i.e., constructivism). Comparisons of these two instructional approaches have inconsistent results. Direct instruction can be more efficient for short-term performance but worse for retention and transfer. Constructivism can produce better retention and transfer, but this outcome is unreliable. To contribute to this debate, we propose a new theory to better explain these research results. Our theory, multiple conceptions theory, states that learners develop better conceptual knowledge when they are guided to compare multiple conceptions of a concept during instruction. To examine the validity of this theory, we used this lens to evaluate the literature for eight instructional techniques that guide learners to compare multiple conceptions, four from direct instruction (i.e., test-enhanced learning, erroneous examples, analogical reasoning, and refutation texts) and four from constructivism (i.e., productive failure, ambitious pedagogy, problem-based learning, and inquiry learning). We specifically searched for variations in the techniques that made them more or less successful, the mechanisms responsible, and how those mechanisms promote conceptual knowledge, which is critical for retention and transfer. To make the paper directly applicable to education, we propose instructional design principles based on the mechanisms that we identified. Moreover, we illustrate the theory by examining instructional techniques commonly used in computing education that compare multiple conceptions. Finally, we propose ways in which this theory can advance our instruction in computing and how computing education researchers can advance this general education theory.
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