Quantifying the land-based opportunity carbon costs of onshore wind farms
Quantifying the land-based opportunity carbon costs of onshore wind farms
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132480
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发表时间：
2022-06
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
F. Albanito;S. Roberts;A. Shepherd;A. Hastings
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. Albanito;S. Roberts;A. Shepherd;A. Hastings
陆上风能的开发会影响其建设的土地，以及能源和土地部门之间对自然资源的竞争。陆地碳储量和生态系统服务的损失，从土地利用变化到风力发电场可以解释为机会成本，土地所有者放弃了选择在他们的土地上建设风力发电场。在这里，我们在空间上量化了陆上风电场对陆地的影响，当我们考虑到机会碳（C）成本时。我们发现，在苏格兰建造3848台风力涡轮机产生了490万吨二氧化碳（CO2）排放量。平均而言，泥炭地土地利用变化的排放强度为560 g CO2kWh − 1，林业为88 g CO2kWh − 1，农田为45 g CO2kWh − 1，牧场为30 g CO2kWh − 1。在最糟糕的土地利用变化情景中，营养不良盆地泥炭生境的迁移产生了1760克CO2 kWh − 1，这与燃煤和燃气发电等化石燃料技术的生命周期排放量相当。在可耕地方面，可收获作物因风力发电而损失的机会成本在25年的运营寿命内高达1540万英镑。考虑到CO2在交易市场中的短期价值，陆上风电场的机会碳成本范围为每年每兆瓦时发电0.3英镑至65.0英镑。这些研究结果强调，保护陆地碳储存和土地部门的作物生产需要制定新的支付计划，这些计划可以在经济上与土地所有者从与能源公司达成的租赁协议中获得的货币利益竞争。这也确保了风力涡轮机的地理位置，以保护生态系统的碳储量，并尽量减少发电的碳强度。
The development of onshore wind energy impacts the land where it is constructed, together with competition for natural resources between the energy and land sector. The loss of terrestrial carbon stocks and ecosystem services from land use change to wind farms can be interpreted as the opportunity cost that landowners give up by choosing to construct wind farms on their land. Here, we spatially quantify the impact onshore wind farms have on land when we factor in the opportunity carbon (C) costs. We found that, the construction of 3848 wind turbines in Scotland generated 4.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from land use change. On average the emission intensity of land use change in peatland is 560 g CO2kWh−1, in forestry is 88 g CO2kWh−1, in cropland is 45 g CO2kWh−1, and in pastureland is 30 g CO2kWh−1. In the worst land use change scenario, the displacement of Dystrophic basin peat habitats generated 1760 g CO2kWh−1, which is comparable to the life cycle emissions of fossil-fuel technologies such as coal and gas-fired electricity generation. In arable land, the loss of harvestable crop to wind power was forfeited for a gain in opportunity costs up to £15.4 million over a 25 year operating life. Considering the short-term value of CO2in the trading market, the opportunity carbon costs of onshore wind farms can range from £0.3 to £65.0 per MWh of electricity generated per year. These findings highlight that the preservation of terrestrial carbon stocks and crop production in the land sector require the development of new payment schemes that can compete economically against the monetary benefits that landowners can access from lease agreements agreed with energy companies. This ensures also that wind turbines are geographically placed to protect ecosystem C stocks, and to minimize the carbon intensity of the electricity generated.