The guts of the matter. Infusoria from Ehrenberg to Bütschli: 1838–1876
The guts of the matter. Infusoria from Ehrenberg to Bütschli: 1838–1876
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从埃伦伯格到布奇利的纤毛虫：1838-1876
DOI：
10.1007/bf00139512
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发表时间：
1989
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
F. Churchill
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Churchill
结论我们开始调查时，埃伦伯格关于所有生物体设计的功能原则在解释纤毛虫的分类位置和内部结构方面占了上风。还存在其他选择，例如杜雅尔丹的肉码理论和西博尔德的细胞类比，但由于与微观观察相关且除微观观察之外的原因，这些选择并不具有说服力。到了本世纪中叶，其他考虑因素，包括对复杂生命周期和性表现的持续探索，决定了显微镜学家对纤毛虫的描绘。穆勒和他的学生看到了精子和性腺；斯坦因设想了世代交替和生殖细胞核。巴尔比亚尼在结合事件中发现了性行为。所有人都将细胞核和核仁解释为性腺或性腺产物。进化论提供了第四个维度。海克尔痴迷于系统发育学，特别是与发育的胚层理论相结合时，他强调结构解释，并发现了一种经过重大改变的细胞理论，准备填补这一空白。到了 1870 年代中期，细胞学的进步确保了西博尔德最初的类比。纤毛虫现在成为单细胞生物，是导致“最高”后生动物的漫长系统发育序列中的第一个。这个类比让布奇利援引了另一个生物学原理，即生理劳动分工，来重新解释双性恋状态的起源。埃伦伯格的多胃理论的幽灵已经完全消失了。
ConclusionsWe began our survey at a time when Ehrenberg's functional principles concerning the design of all organisms prevailed in interpreting the taxonomic place and internal structure of Infusoria. Other options existed, such as Dujardin's sarcode theory and Siebold's cellular analogy, but these were not persuasive for reasons both relevant to and in addition to the microscopic observations. By mid-century other considerations, including the continuing search for complex life cycles and manifestations of sex, dictated the microscopist's rendering of infusorians. Müller and his students saw spermatozoa and gonads; Stein envisioned alternating generations and generative nuclei; Balbiani found sexual behavior in the events of conjugation; and all interpreted the nuclei and nucleoli as gonads or gonadal products. Evolutionary theory provided a fourth dimension. Obsessed with phylogenies, particularly when joined with the germ-layer theory of development, Haeckel emphasized a structural interpretation and found a considerably altered cell theory ready to fill the breach.By the mid-1870s advances in cytology secured Siebold's original analogy. Infusorians now became single-celled organisms, the first in a long phylogenetic sequence that led to the “highest” metazoans. The analogy allowed Bütschli to invoke another biological principle, the physiological division of labor, to reinterpret the origin of the bisexual state. The ghost of Ehrenberg's polygastric theory had completely vanished.