Genetic Linkage and Color Polymorphism in the Southern Platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus): A Model System for Studies of Color Pattern Evolution
Genetic Linkage and Color Polymorphism in the Southern Platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus): A Model System for Studies of Color Pattern Evolution
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DOI：
10.1089/zeb.2006.3.65
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Basolo, Alexandra L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Basolo, Alexandra L.
颜色图案多态性在动物中广泛存在，并且存在于种群内、种群间和物种间。南方鸭嘴鱼剑尾鱼（Xiphophorus maculatus）是颜色图案多态性最极端的例子之一。对这一黑色素瘤形成模型系统的广泛研究使人们了解了 40 多种伴性和常染色体颜色模式的潜在遗传基础，包括编码黑色素、蝶呤和类胡萝卜素着色的等位基因。研究还发现，影响性别决定、性成熟时间和体色的基因在性染色体上存在遗传关联。在许多动物中，颜色图案通常表现出强烈的性别二态性，只有雄性才有明显的颜色。尽管一些颜色模式等位基因在鸭嘴鱼中是性别限制的，但许多等位基因在两性中都表达。尽管对这个模型系统进行了大量的工作，但人们对造成这种颜色图案等位基因多样性的进化过程知之甚少。这篇综述讨论了有关鸭嘴鱼颜色的已知信息，以及种群内部和种群之间环境条件的遗传连锁和变异在该鸭嘴鱼所表现出的极端颜色模式多态性的进化和维持中可能发挥的作用。
Color pattern polymorphisms are widespread in animals, and are found within populations, among populations, and among species. The southern platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, represents one of the most extreme examples of color pattern polymorphism. Extensive research with this model system for melanoma formation has resulted in an understanding of the underlying genetic basis of over 40 sex-linked and autosomal color patterns, including alleles that code for melanin, pterin, and carotenoid coloration. Research has also found that genes that affect sex determination, timing of sexual maturation, and coloration are genetically linked on the sex chromosomes. In many animals, color patterns often show strong sexual dimorphism, with conspicuous coloration limited to males. Although some of the color pattern alleles are sex-limited in platyfish, many are expressed by both sexes. Despite the abundance of work on this model system, little is known about the evolutionary processes responsible for this diversity of color pattern alleles. This review discusses what is known about platyfish coloration, and the roles that genetic linkage and variation in environmental conditions within and among populations might play in the evolution and maintenance of the extreme color pattern polymorphism exhibited by this platyfish.