The Qanats of 'Ayn Manawir (Kharga Oasis, Egypt)

The Qanats of 'Ayn Manawir (Kharga Oasis, Egypt)
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艾因马纳维尔坎儿井（埃及哈里加绿洲）

DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
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通讯作者：
Christophe Thiers
Christophe Thiers
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文献类型：
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作者：
M. Wuttmann;Thierry Gonon;Christophe Thiers

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东方古迹研究所(IFAO)自1994年以来一直在研究Ayn Manawir遗址。人类 从旧石器时代末到公元3世纪，对该遗址的定居点进行了评估。旧石器时代的采集者和猎人定居下来 在自流泉周围。到公元前3千年末，这些泉水干涸了，人们离开了遗址。 从公元前5世纪(波斯人对埃及的第一次占领)开始，由大约20个人组成的网络的挖掘 坎儿井是当时埃及的一项技术创新，允许重新安置。一座泥砖寺庙和存放着过时文件的房屋 被发现，花园和开阔的田野散布在‘Ayn-Manáwir山的山坡底部。挖掘和详细的 对其中一个坎儿井和相连的灌溉系统的研究给了我们理解隧道挖掘方法的关键， 水资源管理，以及试图尽可能晚地维持供水的历史。此外， 世俗合同和花卉遗迹提供的数据允许我们重建古老的环境。巨型生物的存在 埃及西部沙漠地下水位，这部分绿洲的特殊地貌允许和形成 有必要挖掘坎儿井，以确保人类在这一干旱地区的永久存在。
The Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale (IFAO) has been studying since 1994 the site of Ayn Manawir. Human settlement is assessed on the site from the end of the Palaeolithic until the 3rd century AD. The Palaeolithic gatherers-hunters settled around artesian springs. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC, these springs dried up and men left the site. Starting during the 5th century BC (the first Persian occupation of Egypt), the digging of a network made of approximatively 20 Qanats, a technical innovation in that time in Egypt, allowed resettling. A mud-brick temple and houses in which dated documents were found, gardens and open fields scattered at the bottom of the slopes of the ‘Ayn-Manâwir hill. The excavation and the detailed study of one of these Qanats and of the connected irrigation systems gave us the keys for understanding the tunnel digging method, the water resources management, and the history of the attempts to maintain the supply of water as late as possible. In addition, the datas given by the demotic contracts and by the floral remains allow us to rebuild the ancient environment. The existence of the huge underground water table under the Egyptian Western Desert, the peculiar geomorphology of this part of its oases allowed and made necessary the digging of Qanats to secure human permanence in this arid region.