The implications of warmer winters for ice climbing: A case study of the Mount Washington Valley, New Hampshire, USA
The implications of warmer winters for ice climbing: A case study of the Mount Washington Valley, New Hampshire, USA
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DOI：
10.3389/fhumd.2023.1097414
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发表时间：
2023-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jimmy Voorhis;G. McDowell;E. Burakowski;Taylor M Luneau
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文献类型：
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作者：
Jimmy Voorhis;G. McDowell;E. Burakowski;Taylor M Luneau
攀冰对于全世界山区社区的文化和经济都很重要。然而，变暖的冬季使攀冰相关的生计未来受到质疑。为此，本案例研究介绍了在美国新罕布什尔州华盛顿山谷观察和模拟的攀冰条件，以及当地攀岩向导对这些变化的经验和应对措施。首先，通过对 20 年收集的状况报告 (n = 372) 中描述的冰特征进行分类和总结来评估冰状况的变异性，其中包括基准冰攀爬（标准路线）的照片和书面观察结果。接下来，根据中度和高气候强迫情景（即 RCP 4.5 和 RCP 8.5），使用气候模型集合来模拟未来冰季长度的可能变化。最后，与华盛顿山谷攀冰向导一起进行了一项调查和焦点小组，以检查暖冬的观察结果和生活经历。这项研究是对冬季变暖对攀冰影响的首次正式评估，揭示了气候变化对当前和预计的攀冰条件的重大影响，以及攀岩向导对这些变化的明显且通常有区别的脆弱性和适应性。所使用的独特的混合方法适用于气候变化影响攀冰活动和相关生计的其他地区。
Ice climbing is important to the culture and economies of mountain communities worldwide. However, warming winters call into question the future of livelihoods associated with ice climbing. In response, this case study presents observed and simulated ice climbing conditions in the Mount Washington Valley, New Hampshire, USA, as well as local climbing guide's experiences of and responses to these changes. First, variability in ice conditions were evaluated by classifying and summarizing ice characteristics depicted in a 20-year collection of conditions reports (n = 372) including photos and written observations for a benchmark ice climb (Standard Route). Next, climate model ensembles were used to simulate probable changes in future ice season lengths according to intermediate and high climate forcing scenarios (i.e., RCP 4.5 & RCP 8.5). Finally, a survey and focus group were conducted with Mount Washington Valley ice climbing guides to examine observations and lived experiences of warming winters. This study, which is the first formal assessment of the implications of warming winters for ice climbing, reveals significant effects of climate change for current and projected ice climbing conditions as well as marked, and often differentiated, vulnerability and adaptability to these changes amongst climbing guides. The unique mixed-methods approach used is applicable in other locales where climate change is impacting ice climbing activities and associated livelihoods.