Artificial feeding of honeybees based on an understanding of nutritional principles
Artificial feeding of honeybees based on an understanding of nutritional principles
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DOI：
10.1071/an15814
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Manning, R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Manning, R.
人工花粉替代品的开发是为了提高蜜蜂在营养缺乏时期的生产力。概述了花粉替代品的发展历史。尽管人们做了很多尝试，但没有一种替代品具有与蜜蜂采集的花粉相同的营养价值。在回顾了蜜蜂营养之后，Black（2006）描述了花粉替代品的成分和营养规格，包括对蜜蜂的吸引力。建议分离蛋白质以避免在先前研究中使用的许多成分中发现的碳水化合物的毒性。二十七植物和动物源性油和朗姆酒补充剂，混合在2%的低脂肪辐照花粉，通过测量消费和蜜蜂聚集时，放置在蜂箱内的盘子的吸引力进行了评估。椰子油、亚麻籽油和朗姆酒比花粉更受欢迎（P < 0.05），而花粉比熏衣草油和鼠尾草油更受欢迎。与花粉相比，杏仁油和月见报春花油也是高度优选的，但不显著，并且在随后的实验中与椰子油和亚麻籽油组合使用。将11种主要的纯蛋白质来源，单独或组合，与2%或5%的有吸引力的油混合，并评价吸引力。选择大豆蛋白分离物，因为吸引力与蜜蜂收集的花粉没有显著差异。然后将其与油一起用于实验中，以评估粉末状纤维素或研磨的燕麦壳作为纤维源。两种纤维来源或花粉的替代品的吸引力没有显着差异，并根据可用性选择粉末纤维素进一步使用。进行了一项实验，用1000只新孵化的蜜蜂在笼子里与一个肥沃的女王，以评估饮食时，作为唯一的营养源。测定了蜜蜂的摄食量、寿命和用头重估计的下咽腺发育。一种人工饲料（PI-5）含有30%大豆分离蛋白、10%纤维素、42%糖粉、12.5%水、4.5%混合油和1.3%矿物质和维生素+胆固醇。饮食（PI-10）是类似的，但含有两倍多的油代替糖粉。其他处理是红枫花粉（P），一种商业花粉替代品，Feedbee（R）和脱脂大豆粉。PI日粮的摄食量、寿命和头重显著低于P日粮，而Feedbee（R）和脱脂豆粕日粮通常介于两者之间。由于生产工艺的原因，发现PI饲料含有过量的钠。蜜蜂消耗PI饮食有较低的浓度的镁，铜，铁，锰和锌在他们的身体比那些提供P.蜜蜂的脂肪酸含量也随饮食而变化。建议采用改良配方，降低钠含量，改良矿物质和脂肪酸成分。
Artificial pollen substitutes were developed to improve productivity from honeybees during periods of nutrient scarcity. The history of pollen-substitute development is outlined. Although many attempts have been made, no substitute has the same nutritional value as bee-collected pollen. Following a review of honeybee nutrition, Black (2006) described the ingredient and nutrient specifications for a pollen substitute, including the need for attractiveness to honeybees. Protein isolates were recommended to avoid toxicity from carbohydrates found in many ingredients used in previous studies. Twenty-seven plant-and animal-derived oils and a rum supplement, mixed at 2% with a low-lipid irradiated pollen, were evaluated for attractiveness by measuring consumption and bee congregation when placed in dishes within beehives. Coconut, linseed oil and rum were preferred significantly (P < 0.05) to the pollen, whereas pollen was preferred to lavender and sage oils. Almond and evening primrose oils were also highly, but not significantly, preferred compared with pollen and were used in combinations with coconut and linseed oils in subsequent experiments. Eleven predominantly pure protein sources, either singly or in combination, were mixed with 2% or 5% attractive oils and evaluated for attractiveness. Soybean protein isolate was selected, because attractiveness was not significantly different from bee-collected pollen. It was then used with oils in an experiment to evaluate either powdered cellulose or milled oat hulls as a fibre source. There were no significant differences in attractiveness of substitutes with the two fibre sources or pollen, and powdered cellulose was selected for further use on the basis of availability. An experiment with similar to 1000 newly hatched bees with a fertile queen in cages was undertaken to evaluate the diets when given as the sole nutrient source. Consumption, bee longevity and estimated hypopharyngeal gland development using head weight were measured One artificial diet (PI-5) contained 30% soybean protein isolate, 10% cellulose, 42% icing sugar, 12.5% water, 4.5% mixed oils and 1.3% minerals and vitamin plus cholesterol. Diet (PI-10) was similar, but contained twice as much oil replacing icing sugar. Other treatments were redgum pollen (P), a commercial pollen substitute, Feedbee (R) and defatted soybean meal. Diet consumption, lifespan and head weights were significantly less for the PI diets than for P, while Feedbee (R) and defatted soybean-meal diets were generally intermediate. The PI diets were discovered to contain excess sodium, due to the manufacturing process. Bees consuming the PI diets had lower concentrations of magnesium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc in their bodies than did those offered P. The fatty acid content of bee bodies also varied with diet. A revised formulation is recommended with reduced sodium and modified mineral and fatty acid composition.