The eukaryome: Diversity and role of microeukaryotic organisms associated with animal hosts
The eukaryome: Diversity and role of microeukaryotic organisms associated with animal hosts
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2435.13490
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发表时间：
2019-12-27
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Keeling, Patrick J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
del Campo, Javier;Bass, David;Keeling, Patrick J.
近年来，人们对宿主相关微生物在宿主生物学中所起作用的认识不断提高。然而，微生物组研究主要集中在细菌上，总体而言，我们对寄生虫学领域之外的宿主相关真核生物的作用知之甚少。尽管如此，真核生物和特别是微真核生物是已知的动物的常见居民。在许多情况下，和/或在很长一段时间内，这些关联与疾病的临床体征无关。与细菌微生物组的研究不同，与动物相关的微真核生物的研究主要限于视觉识别或特定群体的分子靶向。到目前为止，自2012年发表有影响力的人类微生物组项目联盟论文以来，很少有研究发表在动物中使用高通量条形码“微生物组样”方法处理微真核生物。尽管如此，微真核生物对宿主的生理和生活方式以及细菌和病毒的更广泛共生群落的多样性和组成都有影响。除了作为寄生虫，微真核生物在动物中有许多不同的作用。例如，它们直接与哺乳动物的宿主免疫系统相互作用;它们在纤维素降解、木质纤维素在食木白蚁和蟑螂中发挥关键作用;它们在为造礁珊瑚提供光合作用方面发挥重要作用。某些微真核细胞谱系在宿主内比其他谱系更多样化。这些共同进化的案例导致了不同形式的共生：从互惠共生（如珊瑚中的共生藻或白蚁中的寄生虫），到寄生共生（人类中的囊胚）或严格的寄生（广泛宿主中的顶复门或微孢子虫）。我们将审查生态环境和进化机制，最终在这些不同的共生方案，在共生体和他们的后生动物宿主的分类范围。宿主相关微真核生物在许多层面上产生影响，从个体动物健康到生态系统和农业经济。因此，必须更好地了解他们的多样性和作用。正在开发新的方法，以使用高通量方法访问微生物组的真核部分。从组学，成像和条形码的方法偏见对后生动物，这些新的方法和策略正在帮助我们增加和改善我们的知识，微真核生物在动物相关的环境。可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的简明语言摘要。
Awareness of the roles that host-associated microbes play in host biology has escalated in recent years. However, microbiome studies have focused essentially on bacteria, and overall, we know little about the role of host-associated eukaryotes outside the field of parasitology. Despite that, eukaryotes and microeukaryotes in particular are known to be common inhabitants of animals. In many cases, and/or for long periods of time, these associations are not associated with clinical signs of disease. Unlike the study of bacterial microbiomes, the study of the microeukaryotes associated with animals has largely been restricted to visual identification or molecular targeting of particular groups. So far, since the publication of the influential Human Microbiome Project Consortium paper in 2012, few studies have been published dealing with the microeukaryotes using a high-throughput barcoding 'microbiome-like' approach in animals. Nonetheless, microeukaryotes have an impact on the host physiology and lifestyle and also on the diversity and composition of the wider symbiotic community of bacteria and viruses. Beyond being parasites, microeukaryotes have many different roles in animals. For example, they directly interact with the host immune system in mammals; they have a key role on cellulose degradation, lignocellulose in xylophage termites and cockroaches; and they have an essential role in providing photosynthates to reef-building corals. Certain microeukaryotic lineages have diversified within hosts more than others. These cases of co-evolution led to different forms of symbiosis: from mutualism (like Symbiodinium in corals or parabasalians in termites), to commensalism (Blastocystis in humans) or to strict parasitism (apicomplexans or microsporidians in a broad range of hosts). We will review the ecological context and the evolutionary mechanisms that ended up in these different symbiotic scenarios, across the taxonomic range of both symbionts and their metazoan hosts. Host-associated microeukaryotes have impacts at many levels, from individual animal health to ecosystems and to agroeconomy. Therefore, it is crucial to have a better understanding of their diversity and roles. Novel methodologies are being developed to access the eukaryotic fraction of the microbiome using high-throughput methods. From -omics, to imaging and barcoding approaches biased against metazoans, these novel methodologies and strategies are helping us to increase and improve our knowledge of microeukaryotes in animal-associated environments. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.