Hendra virus ecology and transmission
Hendra virus ecology and transmission
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DOI：
10.1016/j.coviro.2016.02.004
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发表时间：
2016-02-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Field, Hume E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Field, Hume E.
亨德拉病毒在马和人中引起急性和高度致命的感染。翼形蝙蝠(飞狐)是该病毒的自然宿主，年龄和物种是感染的风险因素。狐狸的主要排泄途径是尿液，在翼手狐和尖头狐狸中检测到病毒RNA的频率比其他物种更高。飞狐的感染率在不同年份和不同年份之间可能不同，一些地区出现冬季排泄量高峰。垂直传播和复发感染在狐狸中已有报道，但水平传播显然是主要的传播方式。最节俭的飞狐向马传播的方式是马匹接触受感染的飞狐尿液(口鼻、结膜)，直接或通过尿液污染的牧场或表面。马与马之间的传播效率很低，需要直接接触受感染的体液。没有记录狐狸到人的传播；所有人类病例都与与受感染的马有密切和直接接触有关：犬病例(亚临床)也仅限于马病例的性质。尽管最近出现了一种有效的马匹疫苗，但全面了解亨德拉病毒的生态和传播对于限制物种间传播至关重要。
Hendra virus causes acute and highly fatal infection in horses and humans. Pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, with age and species being risk factors for infection. Urine is the primary route of excretion in flying-foxes, with viral RNA more frequently detected in Pteropus alecto and P. conspicillatus than other species. Infection prevalence in flying foxes can vary between and within years, with a winter peak of excretion occurring in some regions. Vertical transmission and recrudescing infection has been reported in flying-foxes, but horizontal transmission is evidently the primary mode of transmission. The most parsimonious mode of flying-fox to horse transmission is equine contact (oro-nasal, conjunctival) with infected flying-fox urine, either directly, or via urine contaminated pasture or surfaces. Horse to horse transmission is inefficient, requiring direct contact with infected body fluids. Flying-fox to human transmission has not been recorded; all human cases have been associated with close and direct contact with infected horses:Canine cases (subclinical) have also been limited to equine case properties. Notwithstanding the recent availability of an effective vaccine for horses, a comprehensive understanding of Hendra virus ecology and transmission is essential to limit inter-species transmission.