Rechargeable Magnesium Battery: Current Status and Key Challenges for the Future
Rechargeable Magnesium Battery: Current Status and Key Challenges for the Future
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/chin.201528311
复制
发表时间：
2014-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
P. Saha;M. Datta;O. Velikokhatnyi;A. Manivannan;D. Alman;P. Kumta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Saha;M. Datta;O. Velikokhatnyi;A. Manivannan;D. Alman;P. Kumta
人们迫切需要常年、持续地利用间歇性能源(风能、太阳能、地热、水电、波浪等)产生的经济高效的电力。这将需要开发廉价而高效的电能储存(EES)设备，例如用于不间断电力(电力储存备份)和负载均衡的固定式电池以及电网储能系统[1-6]。与广受欢迎的锂离子系统相比，镁二次电池是一种可行的“环保、无毒”的替代电池，因为它具有高容量(镁的容量为3833 mA h/cc，锂的容量为2046 mA h/cc)，适用于固定的EES应用。自2000年初成功演示了能够提供60W h/kg能量密度∼的镁电池原型之后，在过去的十年中，人们在镁电池及其组件方面进行了大量的工作。本文是对迄今为止文献中发展非水亲核/非亲核液体电解液、离子液体聚合物和固体/凝胶聚合物电解液；插层/插入/转换型阴极；金属镁及其合金/金属间化合物/复合材料作为阳极；以及用于镁电池的电子导电但化学和电化学惰性集流材料的综合研究的一次认真尝试。当前一代电解液的电化学氧化稳定性有限，镁离子在电极中的扩散速度很慢，而且除少数材料体系外，镁离子在所有材料体系中都不能可逆循环，这阻碍了类似于锂离子体系的高功率、高能量密度镁电池的生长。在成功制造原型镁电池之前，电解液性能的优化、合适的嵌入/嵌入阴极的实现以及替代合金、金属间化合物、复合材料和化合物作为阳极的识别是非常关键的。探索各种电池部件，包括金属集电器与目前使用的有机氯电解液的兼容性，揭示了铜、铝、不锈钢(SS)等金属对氯化格氏盐的电化学腐蚀，这为识别、导电和电化学惰性集电器提供了进一步的研究。到目前为止的结果表明，某些电子导电金属和非金属集流剂在当前电解液中具有很高的阳极稳定性，因此对可充电镁电池具有优先的选择性。因此，镁离子电池的开发需要跨学科的方法，充分了解有机金属和无机化学，充分了解材料化学、材料科学和工程以及电化学，并全面了解碱性/酸性电解环境中的金属腐蚀原理，以便在不久的将来开发出具有可接受的能量密度(∼150-200W h/kg)和工作电压∼2-3V的系统。
Abstract There is a tremendous need to have perennial and continuous access to cost-effective electricity generated from the intermittent energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower, wave etc.). This will require development of inexpensive and efficient electrical energy storage (EES) devices such as stationary battery for uninterrupted electricity (power storage back up) and load leveling as well as grid energy storage systems [1–6]. Magnesium based secondary batteries are a viable ‘environmental friendly, non-toxic’ alternative compared to the immensely popular Li-ion systems owing to its high volumetric capacity (3833 mA h/cc for Mg vs. 2046 mA h/cc for Li) for stationary EES applications. Following the successful demonstration of a prototype magnesium cell capable of offering energy density ∼60 W h/kg in the early 2000, the last decade has witnessed tremendous amount of work dedicated to magnesium battery and its components. The present review is an earnest attempt to collect all of the comprehensive body of research performed in the literature hitherto to develop non-aqueous nucleophilic/non-nucleophilic liquid electrolytes, ionic liquid based polymer as well as solid/gel polymer electrolytes; intercalation/insertion/conversion type cathodes; metallic magnesium and their alloys/intermetallic/composites as anodes; and electronically conductive but chemically and electrochemically inert current collectors for magnesium battery. The limited electrochemical oxidative stability of current generation of electrolytes with inherently slow magnesium-ion diffusion in to electrodes as well as the inability of Mg2+ to reversibly cycle in all but a few materials systems impede the growth of high power and high energy density magnesium cells, analogous to Li-ion systems. Before the successful fabrication of a prototype magnesium battery, optimization of electrolyte performance, the realization of suitable intercalation/insertion cathodes and the identification of alternative alloys, intermetallics, composites and compounds as anodes are highly critical. Exploration of the compatibility of various battery parts including metallic current collectors with currently used organochloro electrolytes sheds light on the electrochemical corrosion of metals such as Cu, Al, stainless steel (SS) toward chlorinated Grignard’s salts warranting further investigation for identifying, electrically conducting and electrochemically inert current collectors. Results to date show the preferential selectivity of certain electronically conducting metallic and non-metallic current collectors for rechargeable magnesium batteries owing to its high anodic stability in the present electrolyte. Development of magnesium-ion battery therefore requires an interdisciplinary approach with a sound understanding of organometallic and inorganic chemistry, adequate knowledge of materials chemistry, materials science and engineering, as well as electrochemistry, and a comprehensive knowledge of metallic corrosion principles in basic/acidic electrolytic environments in order that a system with acceptable energy density (∼150–200 W h/kg) and operational voltage ∼2–3 V can be developed in the near future.