THE GENETIC-STRUCTURE OF SALMON POPULATIONS
THE GENETIC-STRUCTURE OF SALMON POPULATIONS
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DOI：
10.1016/0044-8486(91)90368-h
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发表时间：
1991-10-15
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
SALMENKOVA, EA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ALTUKHOV, YP;SALMENKOVA, EA
在过去的25年中，人们已经积累了关于各种鲑鱼种群内和种群间遗传分化特征的独特信息，主要是蛋白质多态性电泳，最近是DNA多态性分析。几乎同时，对多基因形态变异进行了研究，对生长和成熟率的选择为水产养殖奠定了基础。挪威和苏格兰的成就表明，遗传和选择为渔业开辟了广阔的前景。然而，生物选择的进步总是以遗传变异的改变为代价，并导致适应度的降低。鲑鱼的另一个问题是人工养殖的鱼对野生种群的影响。为了保持稳定的经济效益水平，同时对抗定向选择的负面影响，需要做出妥协。因此，研究人员必须清楚地了解野生和孵化场鲑鱼种群的遗传结构。为此，应将定量遗传学的途径、方法和可能性与孟德尔遗传学的途径、方法和可能性相结合。本文对这一问题进行了研究。重点是太平洋（Oncorhynchus）和大西洋（Salmo）鲑鱼物种。它特别涉及：(i)种群内和种群间遗传分化的具体特征；（ii）维持种群中蛋白质多态性的主要因素；（三）人类影响（如渔业、转移和人工繁殖）对种群遗传结构的影响。最后提出了一种人工繁殖方案，以维持每个种群特定的最佳基因多样性水平，并使其在时间和空间上得以保存。
Unique information on the characteristics of intra- and interpopulation genetic differentiation of various salmonids has been accumulated during the last 25 years, mostly be electrophoresis of protein polymorphisms, and more recently by DNA polymorphism analysis. Almost simultaneously, polygenic morphological variation was being studied, and selection for growth and maturation rates has founded a basis for aquaculture. Achievements in Norway and Scotland signal the wide prospects opened up by genetics and selection for the fish industry.However, progress in selection of organisms has been gained always at the expense of a change of genetic variability, and results in decreased fitness. Another consequent problem for salmonids is the influence of artificially produced fish on wild populations. A compromise is needed to maintain a steady level of economic benefit while countering the negative effects of directional selection. Therefore investigators must understand clearly the genetic structure of wild and hatchery populations of salmonids. To this end they should combine the approaches, methods and possibilities of quantitative with those of Mendelian genetics.The present paper considers this thesis. focussing on Pacific (Oncorhynchus) and Atlantic (Salmo) salmon species. In particular it deals with: (i) specific features of intra- and interpopulation genetic differentiation; (ii) major factors responsible for maintaining protein polymorphism in the populations; and (iii) effects of human impacts (e.g. fisheries, transfers and artificial reproduction) on the genetic structure of populations. It concludes with a scheme of artificial reproduction to maintain optimal levels of gene diversity, specific for each population and for its preservation in time and space.