Scientific Cooperation: Supporting Circumpolar Permafrost Monitoring and Data Sharing
Scientific Cooperation: Supporting Circumpolar Permafrost Monitoring and Data Sharing
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DOI：
10.3390/land10060590
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发表时间：
2021-06
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
T. Bouffard;E. Uryupova;K. Dodds;V. Romanovsky;A. Bennett;D. Streletskiy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Bouffard;E. Uryupova;K. Dodds;V. Romanovsky;A. Bennett;D. Streletskiy
在世界继续努力理解和预测气候变化影响的同时，北极作为一个先行指标地区，日益成为一个关键组成部分。科学合作总体上是一个得到广泛支持的理念和主题，但在现实中，却面临诸多挑战和产生反效果的困难。此外，数据共享尤其代表了更为关键的合作要求之一，作为“科学方法（其允许对结果进行验证以及基于先前结果进行拓展研究）”的一部分。气候变化难题的一个重要部分是永久冻土。一般而言，关于永久冻土特性的观测数据有限。目前，大多数永久冻土数据仍然分散，且仅限于国家机构，包括科研院所。大部分永久冻土数据无法公开获取——重要的数据集存于各个政府或大学实验室，在那里它们大多不为人知，或者获取限制阻碍了有效使用。尽管具有高度权威性，但涉及创建和管理的各自为政的数据工作导致对永久冻土状况以及可能的预期情况的了解非常不完整。虽然各国都维持着出色的个别永久冻土研究项目，但缺乏共享研究——尤其是数据——极大地降低了对永久冻土整体理解的有效性。不同国家为研究永久冻土投入资源并采用各种方法，包括日益复杂的科学建模。有些方法比其他方法更有效，有些方法实现的目的也与其他方法不同。一个国家不可能有效地进行全面理解永久冻土所受影响所需的各种建模和研究，而全球社会则可以。在某些方面，各自独立的科学界不一定关心数据共享——他们的工作是有保障的。然而，决策者和政策制定者，尤其是在国际舞台上的，难以理解如何最好地预测变化并为之做好准备，从而在政策制定过程中难以支持科学建议。到目前为止，缺乏对共享环北极永久冻土数据的必要性进行探索的研究。本文将探讨全球永久冻土数据系统，该系统仍然是零散的，很少更新，而且几乎没有关于海底永久冻土的公开信息。作者建议全球永久冻土监测系统应该是实时的（在技术和合理可能的范围内），经常更新，并对数据开放获取（呈现数据所需的一般方式）。此外，它在可获取性、资金和协议方面需要强有力的协调，以避免重复和/或信息共享问题。在简要介绍背景之后，本文将提出三个支撑主题：（1）永久冻土数据的现状；（2）共享数据的理由和方法；（3）对全球和国家利益的影响。
While the world continues to work toward an understanding and projections of climate change impacts, the Arctic increasingly becomes a critical component as a bellwether region. Scientific cooperation is a well-supported narrative and theme in general, but in reality, presents many challenges and counter-productive difficulties. Moreover, data sharing specifically represents one of the more critical cooperation requirements, as part of the “scientific method [which] allows for verification of results and extending research from prior results”. One of the important pieces of the climate change puzzle is permafrost. In general, observational data on permafrost characteristics are limited. Currently, most permafrost data remain fragmented and restricted to national authorities, including scientific institutes. The preponderance of permafrost data is not available openly—important datasets reside in various government or university labs, where they remain largely unknown or where access restrictions prevent effective use. Although highly authoritative, separate data efforts involving creation and management result in a very incomplete picture of the state of permafrost as well as what to possibly anticipate. While nations maintain excellent individual permafrost research programs, a lack of shared research—especially data—significantly reduces effectiveness of understanding permafrost overall. Different nations resource and employ various approaches to studying permafrost, including the growing complexity of scientific modeling. Some are more effective than others and some achieve different purposes than others. Whereas it is not possible for a nation to effectively conduct the variety of modeling and research needed to comprehensively understand impacts to permafrost, a global community can. In some ways, separate scientific communities are not necessarily concerned about sharing data—their work is secured. However, decision and policy makers, especially on the international stage, struggle to understand how best to anticipate and prepare for changes, and thus support for scientific recommendations during policy development. To date, there is a lack of research exploring the need to share circumpolar permafrost data. This article will explore the global data systems on permafrost, which remain sporadic, rarely updated, and with almost nothing about the subsea permafrost publicly available. The authors suggest that the global permafrost monitoring system should be real time (within technical and reasonable possibility), often updated and with open access to the data (general way of representing data required). Additionally, it will require robust co-ordination in terms of accessibility, funding, and protocols to avoid either duplication and/or information sharing. Following a brief background, this article will offer three supporting themes, (1) the current state of permafrost data, (2) rationale and methods to share data, and (3) implications for global and national interests.