Green grabs and biochar: Revaluing African soils and farming in the new carbon economy
Green grabs and biochar: Revaluing African soils and farming in the new carbon economy
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DOI：
10.1080/03066150.2012.658042
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Fraser, James
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leach, Melissa;Fairhead, James;Fraser, James
生物炭目前吸引了技术和市场的乐观情绪，有望在气候变化、粮食安全、生物能源和健康方面取得多项胜利，尤其是对非洲农民来说。本文研究了将生物炭构建为一种新的绿色商品的政治-经济和论述过程，在科学家、企业、风险投资公司和非政府组织之间建立了新的联盟。碳市场的逻辑不仅威胁着对生物炭原料的大规模土地争夺，还通过推动研发和塑造小规模试点项目，威胁着其他形式的资源、劳动力和生态占用。在这些情况下，土壤碳被从生态系统和社会背景中“砍掉”，并被重新估值为可交换的碳质部分。农民被誉为绿色参与者和市场赢家，只要他们根据这些新的技术和市场逻辑约束自己的做法。这些论述与农民现有的概念和实践剧目形成鲜明对比；利比里亚的一个案例研究说明了农民如何在不同的耕作剧目、人与自然相互关系的本体论以及历史和政治生态中操纵土壤碳，创造出当地有价值的人为暗土。
Biochar currently attracts technological and market optimism, promising multiple wins - for climate change, food security, bioenergy and health - not least for African farmers. This paper examines the political-economic and discursive processes constructing biochar as a novel green commodity, creating new alliances amongst scientists, businesses, venture capital firms and non-governmental organisations. Carbon market logics are not only threatening large-scale land grabs for biochar feedstocks but also other forms of resource, labour and ecological appropriation through driving research and development and shaping small-scale pilot projects. In these, soil carbon is 'chopped out' of its ecosystem and social contexts and revalued as exchangeable pieces of carbon nature. Farmers are hailed as green actors and market winners, provided they discipline their practices according to these new technical and market logics. These discourses contrast strongly with the farmers' existing conceptual and practical repertoires; a case study from Liberia illustrates how farmers already manipulate soil carbon in creating locally valued anthropogenic dark earths, but within diverse farming repertoires, ontologies of human-nature interrelationship and historical and political ecologies.