TOWARD AN EVOLUTIONARY DEFINITION OF CHEATING
TOWARD AN EVOLUTIONARY DEFINITION OF CHEATING
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DOI：
10.1111/evo.12266
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发表时间：
2014-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
West, Stuart A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ghoul, Melanie;Griffin, Ashleigh S.;West, Stuart A.
在进化论和生态学文献中，“欺骗”一词被用来描述一系列剥削或欺骗的特征。虽然许多人认为这是一个有用的速记，但其他人认为它以一种误导的方式暗示了认知意图，并且使用不一致。我们提供了一个正式的理由使用术语“欺骗”从个人的角度来看，作为一个最大化的代理。我们提供了一个可以广泛应用的作弊的定义，并表明，作弊可以大致分类的基础上的四个区别：（一）是否合作是一种选择;（二）是否涉及欺骗;（三）是否成员的相同或不同的物种被欺骗;（四）是否欺骗是任意的或强制性的。我们的正式定义和分类提供了一个框架，使我们能够解决和澄清一些问题，关于作弊的检测和进化后果，以及阐明潜在选择压力的共同原则和相似性。
The term "cheating" is used in the evolutionary and ecological literature to describe a wide range of exploitative or deceitful traits. Although many find this a useful short hand, others have suggested that it implies cognitive intent in a misleading way, and is used inconsistently. We provide a formal justification of the use of the term "cheat" from the perspective of an individual as a maximizing agent. We provide a definition for cheating that can be applied widely, and show that cheats can be broadly classified on the basis of four distinctions: (i) whether cooperation is an option; (ii) whether deception is involved; (iii) whether members of the same or different species are cheated; and (iv) whether the cheat is facultative or obligate. Our formal definition and classification provide a framework that allow us to resolve and clarify a number of issues, regarding the detection and evolutionary consequences of cheating, as well as illuminating common principles and similarities in the underlying selection pressures.