Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control
Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control
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DOI：
10.1111/mpp.12542
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Prospero, Simone
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rigling, Daniel;Prospero, Simone
由寄生虫引起的栗子疫病是一种毁灭性的疾病，感染了美国和欧洲栗树。该病原体原产于东亚，并通过感染的栗子植物传播到其他大陆。这篇综述总结了对这种病原体的当前研究状态，特别强调了它与胸花疫病的生物控制剂的相互作用，该病毒的相互作用是栗子疫病的生物控制剂。是一种sordiomycete（ascomycete）的真菌（订购双层植物）中的真菌。也可以在栗子上发现的紧密相关的物种包括cryphonectria dalcicalis，naterciae和cryphonectria japonica。次要的偶然宿主包括橡树（Quercus spp。），枫木（Acer spp。），欧洲角木（Carpinus betulus）和美国Chinkapin（Castanea pumila）。症状症状。感染远端。栗子枯萎病的特征是菌丝风扇的存在和病原体的果实体。在溃疡位置下方，树可能会通过产生层状芽而反应。易感宿主树上的非致命，浅表或calling症通常与霉菌病毒诱导的低毒相关。疾病控制：将寄生虫寄生虫引入新区域后，通过切割和燃烧感染的植物/树木来消除努力，大多数失败。在欧洲，Mycovirus Cryphonectria Farlovirus 1（CHV-1）通过引起所谓的不足性，是栗子疫病的成功生物控制剂。 CHV-1感染C.寄生虫，并降低其寄生生长和孢子形成能力。可以用低病毒感染的寄生虫菌株对个体溃疡进行治疗。下种病毒可能随后扩散到未处理的溃疡并在寄生虫种群中建立。型呼吸症存在于欧洲的许多栗子种植地区，无论是自然还是在生物控制治疗之后。在北美，栗子疫病的疾病管理主要集中于繁殖，目的是将中国栗子的耐枯萎病反射到美国栗子基因组中。
Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, is a devastating disease infecting American and European chestnut trees. The pathogen is native to East Asia and was spread to other continents via infected chestnut plants. This review summarizes the current state of research on this pathogen with a special emphasis on its interaction with a hyperparasitic mycovirus that acts as a biological control agent of chestnut blight.TAXONOMY: Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. is a Sordariomycete (ascomycete) fungus in the family Cryphonectriaceae (Order Diaporthales). Closely related species that can also be found on chestnut include Cryphonectria radicalis, Cryphonectria naterciae and Cryphonectria japonica.HOST RANGE: Major hosts are species in the genus Castanea (Family Fagaceae), particularly the American chestnut (C. dentata), the European chestnut (C. sativa), the Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) and the Japanese chestnut (C. crenata). Minor incidental hosts include oaks (Quercus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and American chinkapin (Castanea pumila).DISEASE SYMPTOMS: Cryphonectria parasitica causes perennial necrotic lesions (so-called cankers) on the bark of stems and branches of susceptible host trees, eventually leading to wilting of the plant part distal to the infection. Chestnut blight cankers are characterized by the presence of mycelial fans and fruiting bodies of the pathogen. Below the canker the tree may react by producing epicormic shoots. Non-lethal, superficial or callusing cankers on susceptible host trees are usually associated with mycovirus-induced hypovirulence.DISEASE CONTROL: After the introduction of C. parasitica into a new area, eradication efforts by cutting and burning the infected plants/trees have mostly failed. In Europe, the mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) acts as a successful biological control agent of chestnut blight by causing so-called hypovirulence. CHV-1 infects C. parasitica and reduces its parasitic growth and sporulation capacity. Individual cankers can be therapeutically treated with hypovirus-infected C. parasitica strains. The hypovirus may subsequently spread to untreated cankers and become established in the C. parasitica population.Hypovirulence is present in many chestnut-growing regions of Europe, either resulting naturally or after biological control treatments. In North America, disease management of chestnut blight is mainly focused on breeding with the goal to backcross the Chinese chestnut's blight resistance into the American chestnut genome.