The role of ecological context and predation risk-stimuli in revealing the true picture about the genetic basis of boldness evolution in fish
The role of ecological context and predation risk-stimuli in revealing the true picture about the genetic basis of boldness evolution in fish
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DOI：
10.1007/s00265-011-1303-2
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发表时间：
2012-04-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Arlinghaus, Robert
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Klefoth, Thomas;Skov, Christian;Arlinghaus, Robert
为了展示基因型x环境相互作用和捕食风险在鱼类胆度实验评估中的重要性，我们在池塘和实验室水箱的两个重复实验条件下，研究了两个遗传不同种群的幼鱼（Cyprinus carpio）在摄食行为和避难所使用方面的胆度。由于对低捕食风险池塘养殖条件的不同进化适应，预计种群在胆度上表现出遗传差异。大胆度是在不同的野外试验中测量的，有和没有实施额外的捕食风险刺激，通过在喂食点上倾斜。在没有明确实施风险的情况下，适应低风险环境的基因型，即驯化的镜像鲤，在池塘环境中始终比驯化程度较低的镜像鲤表现得更大胆，但在实验室环境中则不然。当我们在先前安全的摄食点进行人工风险刺激时，在实验室环境中也出现了基因型之间的大胆差异，表明基因型x环境对鲤鱼大胆行为有很强的影响。在池塘环境中，不同基因型之间的胆度差异的遗传基础得到了明确的支持，而实验室研究仅在明确的风险刺激下才揭示了这些模式。因此，我们的研究强调，大胆可能既包括独立于明显捕食风险（例如，在开阔的田野中）表达的基础成分，也包括与显性捕食风险相关的成分，这两个维度在行为测试中可能有不同的反应。
To showcase the importance of genotype x environment interactions and the presence of predation risk in the experimental assessment of boldness in fish, we investigated boldness in terms of feeding behavior and refuge use in two genetically different populations of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) in two replicated experimental conditions in ponds and laboratory tanks. The populations were expected to exhibit genetic differences in boldness due to differential evolutionary adaptation to low-predation-risk pond aquaculture conditions. Boldness was measured in variants of open-field trials with and without implementation of additional predation risk-stimuli by angling on feeding spots. Without explicit implementation of risk, genotypes adapted to low-risk environments, i.e., domesticated mirror carp behaved consistently bolder than their less domesticated scaled conspecifics in the pond environment, but not in the laboratory environment. When we implemented artificial risk-stimuli by angling on previously safe feeding spots, boldness differences among genotypes also emerged in the laboratory environment, indicating strong genotype x environment effects on boldness behavior of carp. The expected genetic basis of boldness differences among genotypes was clearly supported in the pond environment, while the laboratory study revealed these patterns only under inclusion of explicit risk-stimuli. Our study thus underscores that boldness may involve both a basal component that is expressed independently of obvious predation risk (e.g., in open fields) and a component revealed in relation to explicit predation risk, and both dimensions may respond differently in behavioral tests.