Facial expression of children receiving immunizations: A principal components analysis of the child facial coding system
Facial expression of children receiving immunizations: A principal components analysis of the child facial coding system
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DOI：
10.1097/00002508-200106000-00011
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发表时间：
2001-06-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Reid, GJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Breau, LM;McGrath, PJ;Reid, GJ
目的：确定对手术性疼痛的面部反应结构，并确定最能描述该反应的面部动作子集。设计：观察。设置：五个农村和五个城市医生办公室。患者：123 名 4 至 5 岁的儿童，正在接受常规白喉、百日咳、破伤风和脊髓灰质炎免疫接种。结果测量：儿童面部编码系统由 13 个离散的面部动作组成，用于对每个动作进行编码录像中五个 10 秒阶段的第二个：基线、针前、针、针后和处理后。家长和技术人员提供了儿童疼痛的视觉模拟量表评级。儿童使用面部疼痛量表进行自我报告，家长和护士使用视觉模拟量表对儿童的疼痛和焦虑进行评分。结果：随着疼痛的发作，出现了与成人报告类似的“疼痛脸”。主成分分析表明，针阶段面部动作的频率和强度可以用反映疼痛感的成分来表示，即“勇敢的脸”。以及孩子们对疼痛的期望。儿童面部疼痛量表和成人视觉模拟量表评分最好通过反映疼痛感觉和高度疼痛预期的成分来预测。结论：这些结果初步表明，儿童面部编码系统可以简化为反映儿童急性疼痛体验的多个方面的成分，并预测儿童疼痛的自我报告和观察者报告。
Objective: To identify the structure of facial reaction to procedural pain and to determine the subset of facial actions that best describe the response.Design: Observational.Setting: Five rural and five urban physicians' offices.Patients: One hundred twenty-three children aged 4 to 5 years undergoing routine diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and polio immunization.Outcome Measures: The Child Facial Coding System, comprising 13 discrete facial actions, was used to code each second of five 10-second phases from videotape: baseline, preneedle, needle, postneedle, and posthandling. Parents and a technician provided visual analog scale ratings of children's pain. Children provided a self-report using a Faces Pain Scale, and parents and nurses rated the children's pain and anxiety using visual analog scales.Results: A "pain face" similar to that reported in adults emerged with the onset of pain. Principal component analyses revealed the frequency and intensity of facial action during the needle phase could be represented by components reflecting pain sensation, a "brave face." and the children's expectations for pain. Children's Faces Pain Scale and adult visual analog scale ratings were best predicted by components reflecting pain sensation and expectations of high pain.Conclusions: These results provide a preliminary indication that the Child Facial Coding System can be reduced to components that reflect several aspects of children's acute pain experience and predict self-reports and observer reports of children's pain.