The effects of aversive-to-appetitive counterconditioning on implicit and explicit fear memory
The effects of aversive-to-appetitive counterconditioning on implicit and explicit fear memory
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DOI：
10.1101/lm.050740.119
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Dunsmoor, Joseph E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Keller, Nicole E.;Dunsmoor, Joseph E.
反条件作用（Counterconditioning，CC）是一种抑制习得行为表达的回溯性干扰。但与灭绝类似，CC可能是一种相当微弱和短暂的干扰形式，并且最初的行为很容易复发。对CC的研究有限，特别是在人类中，但先前的研究表明，它在改变某些行为方面比灭绝更有效（例如，偏好或效价等级）而不是其它（例如，生理唤醒）。在这里，我们使用了一个受试者内的设计，以比较厌恶的食欲CC与标准灭绝的影响，在人类成年人的长期记忆的两个单独的测试：内隐生理唤醒和外显情景记忆。参与者接受巴甫洛夫恐惧条件反射两个语义类别（动物，工具）与电击配对。条件刺激（即，类别样本），然后熄灭，而来自另一个类别的刺激与积极的结果配对。24小时后，参与者返回测试的皮肤电导反应（SCR）的条件样本，以及惊喜识别记忆测试的刺激编码的前一天。结果表明，减少SCR在测试中的独特的刺激从一个类别，经历了CC，相对于刺激从一个类别，经历了标准的灭绝。此外，参与者选择性地记住更多的刺激编码在CC比灭绝。这些结果提供了新的证据，即与灭绝相比，厌恶-食欲CC加强了与积极结果直接相关的项目的记忆，这可能在测试中提供更强的检索竞争，以帮助减少恐惧复发。
Counterconditioning (CC) is a form of retroactive interference that inhibits expression of learned behavior. But similar to extinction, CC can be a fairly weak and impermanent form of interference, and the original behavior is prone to relapse. Research on CC is limited, especially in humans, but prior studies suggest it is more effective than extinction at modifying some behaviors (e.g., preference or valence ratings) than others (e.g., physiological arousal). Here, we used a within-subjects design to compare the effects of aversive-to-appetitive CC versus standard extinction on two separate tests of long-term memory in human adults: implicit physiological arousal and explicit episodic memory. Participants underwent Pavlovian fear conditioning to two semantic categories (animals, tools) paired with an electric shock. Conditioned stimuli (i.e., category exemplars) from one category were then extinguished, while stimuli from the other category were paired with a positive outcome. Participants returned 24-h later for a test of skin conductance responses (SCR) to the conditioned exemplars, as well as a surprise recognition memory test for stimuli encoded the previous day. Results showed reduced SCRs at a test for unique stimuli from a category that had undergone CC, relative to stimuli from a category that had undergone standard extinction. Additionally, participants selectively remembered more stimuli encoded during CC than extinction. These results provide new evidence that aversive-to-appetitive CC, as compared to extinction, strengthens memory for items directly associated with a positive outcome, which may provide stronger retrieval competition against a fear memory at test to help diminish fear relapse.