Microtines: a Model System for Studying the Evolution and Regulation of Social Monogamy
Microtines: a Model System for Studying the Evolution and Regulation of Social Monogamy
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发表时间：
2005-07
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通讯作者：
B. Cushing;K. M. Kramer
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作者：
B. Cushing;K. M. Kramer
在哺乳动物中，一夫一妻制以一种被称为社会一夫一妻制的形式出现，它不是由性排他性定义的，而是由一系列特征定义的，包括长期配对关系的形成、双亲对后代的照顾、避免乱伦和缺乏两性二态性。在这篇综述中，我们研究了鼠属啮齿类动物（田鼠）的比较研究对理解社会一夫一妻制的进化及其潜在机制（包括调节一夫一妻制表达的神经回路）的贡献。对田鼠物种的研究支持了一夫一妻制可能在恶劣条件下进化的假设，同时也表明雌性的性选择可能有助于维持一夫一妻制。哺乳动物一夫一妻制的进化需要雄性亲社会行为的表达增加，如隶属关系，这有助于配对纽带的形成和雄性亲代的照顾。与一夫一妻制相关的亲社会行为表达的增加是神经肽、催产素（OT）、抗利尿激素（AVP）和类固醇相互作用的产物。OT和AVP调节配偶结合和亲代抚育的表达，一夫多妻制和一夫一妻制田鼠表达的OT和V1a （AVP）受体模式显著不同。虽然比较研究提供了对微时间内社会一夫一妻制调节的见解，但种内变异和行为可塑性的发生提供了对其调节的更好理解。例如，在某些条件下，一夫多妻的草地田鼠（Microtus pennsylvanicus）雄性表现出父亲的行为。尽管事实上它们显示与一夫多妻制相关的V1a受体模式，但加压素的中央管理刺激了父系行为的表达。在一夫一妻制的草原田鼠（Microtus ochrogaster）中，来自伊利诺伊州的田鼠表现出高水平的亲社会行为，而来自堪萨斯州的草原田鼠的社会行为要少得多，而且是两性二态的。虽然在两个种群中，OT或V1a受体模式的表达没有差异，但雌激素受体（ER）的表达存在显著差异，尤其是在雄性群体中。伊利诺斯州的雄性小鼠在终纹床核和内侧杏仁核中表达的ERα水平明显低于堪萨斯州的雄性小鼠，这两个区域是大脑中调节亲和性和攻击性表达的区域。这表明，缺乏对雌激素的敏感性可能允许表达高水平的亲社会行为，并减少某些类型的攻击。
In mammals monogamy occurs in a form known as social monogamy, which is defined not by sexual exclusivity, but by a suite of characteristics including the formation of long-term pair bonds, biparental care of offspring, incest avoidance, and a lack of sexual dimorphism. In this review we examine the contribution that comparative studies using rodents of the genus Microtus(voles) have made to understanding the evolution of social monogamy and the underlying mechanisms, including the neural circuitry, that regulate the expression of monogamy. Studies with Microtus species support the hypothesis that monogamy may evolve under harsh conditions, while also suggesting that female sexual selection may help to maintain monogamy. The evolution of monogamy in mammals requires an increase in the expression of male prosocial behaviors, such as affiliation, which facilitate pair bond formation and male parental care. The increased expression of prosocial behaviors associated with monogamy are the product of the interaction of neuropeptides, oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP), and steroids. OT and AVP regulate the expression of pair bonds and parental care and polygynous and monogamous voles express significantly different patterns of OT and V1a (AVP) receptors. While comparative studies have provided insight into the regulation of social monogamy in microtines, the occurrence of intraspecific variation and behavioral plasticity has provided even greater understanding of its regulation. For example, under some conditions polygynous meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) males display paternal behavior. Despite the fact that they display the V1a receptor pattern associated with polygyny, central administration of vasopressin stimulates the expression of paternal behavior. In the monogamous prairie vole(Microtus ochrogaster), voles from Illinois display high levels of prosocial behavior, while prairie voles from Kansas are much less social and are sexually dimorphic. While the expression of OT or V1a receptor patterns does not differ between the two populations there is a significant difference, especially in males, in the expression of estrogen receptors (ER). Illinois males express significantly lower levels of ERα in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial amygdala, two regions of the brain that regulate the expression of affiliation and aggression, than males from Kansas. This suggests that a lack of sensitivity to estrogen may permit the expression of high levels of prosocial behavior and a reduction in certain types of aggression.