A comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental health and safety implications of engineered nanomaterials.
A comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental health and safety implications of engineered nanomaterials.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1080/10408444.2017.1328400
复制
发表时间：
2017-10-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Zucker, Robert M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boyes, William K;Thornton, Brittany Lila M;Zucker, Robert M
工程纳米材料(ENM)是全球经济日益增长的一个方面，其安全和可持续的开发、使用和最终处置需要能够预测和避免潜在的问题。这项审查提供了一个框架，以评估ENM释放到环境中的健康和安全影响，包括有目的的释放，如抗微生物喷雾剂或纳米启用的杀虫剂，以及由于其他预期应用而导致的无意释放。考虑因素包括产品生命周期、环境介质、暴露人群和可能的不良后果。该框架以一系列划分流程图的形式呈现，作为帮助派生未来定量预测模型、指导研究和支持开发基于风险的决策的工具的基础。使用后，由于环境介质中的反应性和/或异相团聚倾向，ENM预计不会保持其原始形式。因此，重点放在环境或生物基质中出现的ENM的特征上。此外，由于ENM的物理/化学方面与类似复杂的环境条件之间的多重动态相互作用，预测ENM在环境中的活性是困难的。其他人建议使用简单的预测功能分析作为中间步骤，以解决使用物理/化学特性来预测ENM的环境命运和行为的挑战。这里介绍的框架的节点和相互作用反映了相变，这些相变可以作为开发此类分析的目标，以估计动力学反应速率并简化模型预测。这一框架的应用、改进和演示，以及包括目标功能分析数据的相关知识库，将使我们能够更好地从头预测潜在的暴露和不良后果。
Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are a growing aspect of the global economy, and their safe and sustainable development, use, and eventual disposal requires the capability to forecast and avoid potential problems. This review provides a framework to evaluate the health and safety implications of ENM releases into the environment, including purposeful releases such as for antimicrobial sprays or nano-enabled pesticides, and inadvertent releases as a consequence of other intended applications. Considerations encompass product life cycles, environmental media, exposed populations, and possible adverse outcomes. This framework is presented as a series of compartmental flow diagrams that serve as a basis to help derive future quantitative predictive models, guide research, and support development of tools for making risk-based decisions. After use, ENM are not expected to remain in their original form due to reactivity and/or propensity for hetero-agglomeration in environmental media. Therefore, emphasis is placed on characterizing ENM as they occur in environmental or biological matrices. In addition, predicting the activity of ENM in the environment is difficult due to the multiple dynamic interactions between the physical/chemical aspects of ENM and similarly complex environmental conditions. Others have proposed the use of simple predictive functional assays as an intermediate step to address the challenge of using physical/chemical properties to predict environmental fate and behavior of ENM. The nodes and interactions of the framework presented here reflect phase transitions that could be targets for development of such assays to estimate kinetic reaction rates and simplify model predictions. Application, refinement, and demonstration of this framework, along with an associated knowledgebase that includes targeted functional assay data, will allow better de novo predictions of potential exposures and adverse outcomes.