Behavioral Science and Energy Policy
Behavioral Science and Energy Policy
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行为科学与能源政策
DOI：
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Mullainathan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hunt Allcott;S. Mullainathan
3为了应对气候变化，许多经济学家和政策制定者提倡基于价格的方法，如温室气体排放税和排放交易计划，或基于技术的方法，如研发补贴和公私研发伙伴关系。然而，归根结底，这两种方法都依赖于消费者和企业做出不同的选择：他们需要改变自己的行为和购买方式，以应对碳密集型商品相对价格的上涨。最近越来越多的心理学和行为经济学研究表明，在改变消费者选择方面，非价格干预可以与价格一样强大。这些行为方法，包括承诺手段、信息提供或注意手段、诉诸社会规范，或者表面上看是微小的价格变化、违约选择或交易成本，都相当便宜，而且可能非常强大。本文描述了我们在理解这些现象方面的最新进展，讨论了如何将它们应用于能源效率，并介绍了一个过程，通过这个过程，行为干预可以成为气候变化政策中更不可或缺的组成部分。从历史上看，能源效率一直是引导人们改变行为和采用新技术的困难的一个典型例子，即使这似乎符合他们自己的经济利益。在30年的讨论文件中，能源效率的巨大潜力已经用一贯乐观的语言进行了详细阐述。在荧光灯泡、新型绝缘材料和混合动力汽车方面的投资似乎很快就能收回成本。然而，与这些可能性相比，节能技术和行为的实际渗透率低得惊人，这种现象被交替地称为“能源效率差距”和“能源悖论”(Jaffe和Stavins 1994)。这表明，价格和对本文中的问题提出了有益的评论和讨论。这是2010年3月5日出版的《科学》杂志上一篇文章的较长支持版本。我们感谢编辑布拉德·威布尔和三位匿名裁判的评论。技术可能不是提高能源效率的唯一障碍。在过去的15年里，行为科学家与合作伙伴组织(包括政府、非政府组织和私营部门企业)之间的一系列合作伙伴关系产生了廉价的干预措施，并取得了越来越令人信服的结果。这些伙伴关系出现在各种领域，包括退休储蓄、小额信贷、经济发展和健康--以及能源使用和环境行为。一些程序有…
3 To combat climate change, many economists and policymakers advocate price-based approaches, such as greenhouse gas emissions taxes and emissions trading programs, or technology-based approaches, such as R&D subsidies and public-private R&D partnerships. In the end, however, both types of approaches rely on consumers and firms to make different choices: they will need to change what they do and what they buy in response to increases in the relative prices of carbon-intensive goods. A recently-growing body of research in psychology and behavioral economics suggests that non-price interventions can be just as powerful as prices in changing consumer choices. These behavioral approaches, which include commitment devices, information provision or attentional devices, appeals to social norms, or apparently-small changes to prices, default options, or transactions costs, are quite inexpensive and can be extremely powerful. This article describes recent advances in our understanding of these phenomena, discusses how they can be applied to energy efficiency, and presents a process through which behavioral interventions can become a more integral component of climate change policy. Historically, energy efficiency has been a leading example of the difficulties in inducing people to change behaviors and adopt new technologies, even when it appears to be in their own financial interest. The great potential for energy efficiency has been detailed in consistently optimistic language in 30 years of discussion papers. Investments in fluorescent lightbulbs, new insulation, and hybrid vehicles appear to pay for themselves very quickly. Compared to these possibilities, however, the actual penetration of energy efficient technologies and behaviors has been strikingly low, a phenomenon that has been alternately dubbed the " Energy Efficiency Gap " and the " Energy Paradox " (Jaffe and Stavins 1994). This suggests that prices and for helpful comments and discussions on the issues in this paper. This is a longer supporting version of an article in the March 5, 2010 issue of Science magazine. We thank the Editor, Brad Wible, and three anonymous referees for their comments. technology may not be the only barriers to increased energy efficiency. In the past 15 years, a series of hundreds of partnerships between behavioral scientists and partner organizations – including governments, NGOs, and private sector businesses – have generated non-price interventions with increasingly compelling results. These partnerships have arisen in a variety of domains, including retirement savings, microfinance, economic development, and health – as well as in energy use and environmental behaviors. Some programs have …