Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web
Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web
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DOI：
10.1021/es0158298
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发表时间：
2002-10-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Zegers, BN
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Boon, JP;Lewis, WE;Zegers, BN
调查了无脊椎动物海螺(Buccinum Undatum)、海星(Asteria Rubens)和寄居蟹(Pagurus Bernhardus)、牛头鱼(Merlangus Merlangus)和鳕鱼(Gadus Morhua)、海洋哺乳动物海豹(Phoca Vitulina)和江豚(Phocoena Phocoena)中单个多溴二苯醚同系物的水平。这些物种都是北海食物网不同营养水平的重要代表。检测到的所有六种主要的多溴联苯醚同系物(BDEs 28、47、99、100、1、53和154)在商业五溴二苯醚配方中最为普遍。没有证据表明北海食物链中存在八溴二苯醚配方，因为它的主要同系物BDE183从未被检测到。十溴二苯醚配方中的主要同系物BDE209(>；97%)只在少数样品中被检测到，而且总是在检测限附近的浓度。由于BDE209通常是该地区沉积物中的主要BDE同系物，其在北海生物群中的低浓度主要原因似乎是相对较低的生物积累潜力。这可能是由于超大分子的摄取率较低，也可能是由于生物转化后相对较快的排泄。由于所有被调查的无脊椎动物都是哨兵物种，它们在捕获区具有很强的代表性。无脊椎动物中多溴二苯醚的脂类归一化浓度最高，出现在英国东海岸三通河口附近。多溴二苯醚的地理分布可以用该地区的残余洋流来解释。这些水流的方向在夏季和冬季不同，这是由于道格浅滩以北的更深水域是否存在夏季垂直分层的结果。夏季分层导致在5月份水柱垂直分层开始后形成的密度驱动的底层水流的发展，离开弗拉姆伯勒附近的英国海岸向道格海岸进发。在冬季，残余洋流向南流动，并沿着英国海岸线。多氯联苯和p，p‘-DDE在无脊椎动物中的分布模式与多溴二苯醚的分布模式完全不同，这是可以预料的，因为这些有机氯在西欧的使用在1960年代和1970年代达到顶峰，但在20多年前已被禁止，而五溴二苯醚配方的生产和使用则是较新的起源。北海食物网的营养水平较高，表现为捕食性牛头鱼物种白鲸和鳕鱼以及海洋哺乳动物物种海豹和港口江豚。鱼类中六种主要的多溴联苯醚同系物的脂归一化水平与无脊椎动物中的水平相似，但从牛头鱼到海洋哺乳动物发生了浓度通常超过一个数量级的生物放大步骤；根据有限的样本数量，在港海豹和港江豚之间没有观察到差异。总而言之，来自覆盖北海盆地主要部分的站点网络的三种前哨无脊椎动物的结果表明，英国Tees河的河口。东海岸是三至六溴联苯醚的主要来源。在整个食物链中，六种多溴联苯醚同系物的含量增加最为显著，从捕食性鱼类到海洋哺乳动物，符合从鳃呼吸动物到肺呼吸动物的转变。这对持久性有机污染物的消除途径产生了严重后果，因为它们不再可能通过鳃膜从血液中消除到周围的海水中。
The levels of individual PBDE congeners were investigated in the invertebrates species whelk (Buccinum undatum), seastar (Asteria rubens), and hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus), the gadoid fish species whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and cod (Gadus morhua), and the marine mammal species harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). These species are all important representatives of different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. All six major PBDE congeners detected (BDEs 28, 47, 99, 100, 1,53, and 154) are most prevalent in the commercial Penta-BDE formulation. There is no evidence for the occurrence of-the Octa-BDE formulation in the North Sea food web, since its dominant congener, BDE183, was never detected. BDE209, the main congener (>97%) in the Deca-BDE formulation, was detected only in a minority of the samples and always in concentrations around the limit of detection. Since BDE209 is often the major BDE congener in sediment's from the area, the main reason for its low concentrations in biota from the North Sea seems to be a relatively low bioaccumulation potential. This can either-be due to a low uptake rate of the very large molecule or a relatively rapid excretion after biotransformation. Since all invertebrates investigated are sentinel species,they are highly representative for the area of capture. The highest lipid-normalized concentrations of PBDEs in the invertebrates' occurred near the mouth of the river Tees at the East coast of the U.K. The geographical distribution, of the PBDEs can be explained by the residual currents in the area. The direction of these currents differs between the summer and the winter season as a result of the presence or absence of vertical summer stratification of the deeper waters north of the Dogger Bank. Summer stratification results in the development of a density-driven bottom water current formed after the onset of vertical stratification of the water column in May leaving the UK coast near Flamborough Head toward the Dogger Bank. In winter, the residual currents run in a more southerly,direction and follow the UK coastline. The distribution pattern of the PCBs and p,p'-DDE in the invertebrates was entirely different from that of the PBDEs, which could be expected, since the use of these organochlorines in western Europe peaked in the 1960s and 1970s but has been forbidden more than two decades ago whereas the production and Use of the penta-BDE formulation is of a more recent origin. The higher trophic levels of the North Sea food web were represented by the predatory gadoid fish species whiting and cod and the marine mammal species p Seal and harbor porpoise. The lipid-normalized levels of the six major PBDE congeners in fish were similar to the levels in the invertebrates, but a biomagnification step in concentrations of generally more than an order of magnitude occurred from gadoid fish to marine mammals; Based on the limited number of samples, no differences could be observed between harbor seal and harbor porpoise. In summary, the results in three species of sentinel invertebrates from a network of stations covering a major part of the North Sea basin showed that the estuary of the river Tees at,the UK. East coast is a major source for tri- to hexa-PBDEs. Throughout the food-chain, the most marked increase in, (lipid-normalized): levels of all six PBDE congeners occurred from predatory (gadoid) fish to marine mammals, agreeing with the transition from gill-breathing to lung-breathing animals.This has serious consequences for the route of elimination of POPs, since their elimination from the blood into the ambient seawater via the gill-membrane is no longer possible.