FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIASSIC AND JURASSIC PTEROSAURIA - AN APPRAISAL BASED ON WING SHAPE
FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIASSIC AND JURASSIC PTEROSAURIA - AN APPRAISAL BASED ON WING SHAPE
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DOI：
10.1017/s009483730001099x
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发表时间：
1992-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
RAYNER, JMV
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HAZLEHURST, GA;RAYNER, JMV
翼龙的质量、翼展和翼面积被重建。通过确定体积并乘以鸟类密度来估计质量。这种方法被认为只适用于较小的翼龙物种，因为有证据表明较大物种的密度较低。这些重建被用来比较三叠纪和侏罗纪翼龙与鸟类的翅膀形状。翼龙的翅膀低于平均负荷和高于平均水平的方面相比，鸟类的平均水平。这种机翼设计与相对缓慢和高效的飞行兼容，具有高机动性。机翼面积取决于所采用的重建模型;机翼连接到后肢主要是减少方面，其次是减少负载，这将提高起飞性能的效率为代价。翼龙的翅膀形状和头部摄食适应最适合于海洋或空中的捕食适应区。与鸟类相比，重建的翼龙显示出有限的翅膀形状。这可能部分反映了偏好生活在海洋或泻湖环境中的物种的进化偏见，但这并不是一个完整的解释，因为缺乏像海鸭和海雀那样具有高负载翅膀的翼龙。结构、生理或适应性因素可能会限制翼龙翅膀的形状。
The mass, wingspan, and wing area of pterosaurs were reconstructed. Mass was estimated by determining volume and multiplying by avian density. This method was considered appropriate only for smaller pterosaur species because there is evidence for lower density in larger species. These reconstructions were used to compare the wing shapes of Triassic and Jurassic pterosaurs with those of birds. Pterosaurs had wings of below-average loading and above-average aspect compared to the avian mean. This wing design was compatible with relatively slow and highly efficient flight, with high maneuverability. Wing area depends on the reconstruction model adopted; wings attached to the hindlimb principally reduced aspect, and secondarily reduced loading, which would improve take-off performance at the expense of efficiency. The wing shape and cranial feeding adaptations of pterosaurs were most compatible with a marine or aerial predatory adaptive zone. The reconstructed pterosaurs show a limited range of wing shape compared to birds. This may partly reflect preservational bias favoring species living in marine or lagoonal environments, but this is not a complete explanation because there is a lack of pterosaurs with wings of high loading like the marine ducks and auks. Structural, physiological, or adaptive factors may have limited pterosaur wing shape.