BRAVO: Ballot-polling Risk-limiting Audits to Verify Outcomes
BRAVO: Ballot-polling Risk-limiting Audits to Verify Outcomes
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BRAVO：投票风险限制审计以验证结果
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Vincent S. Yates
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Lindeman;P. Stark;Vincent S. Yates
限制风险的选举后审计保证了纠正不正确选举结果的高概率，无论结果为什么不正确。两种类型的风险限制选举后投票制表审计是比较审计和投票调查审计。比较审计通过手工点算相应选票上的票数，检查计票系统报告的一些小计。自动投票审计随机选择选票，并手工解释这些选票，直到有强有力的证据表明结果是正确的，或者直到所有选票都被手工计算：他们直接评估结果是否正确，而不是评估制表是否准确。比较审计有其优点，但对投票制表系统的要求很高。民意调查审计没有这样的要求。对于小的利润率，他们可能需要大的样本，但总的负担可能仍然是适度的大型比赛，如全国或全州的比赛。本文介绍了BRAVO，一个灵活的协议，风险限制投票审计。在1992年至2008年的255个州的总统竞选中，使用BRAVO确认每个州的多数赢家的预期样本量中位数为307张选票（每个州）。非正式投票审计可以立即改善选举的完整性，而选举管理部门只需要支付名义上的增量成本。
Risk-limiting post-election audits guarantee a high probability of correcting incorrect electoral outcomes, regardless of why the outcomes are incorrect. Two types of risk-limiting post-election vote tabulation audits are comparison audits and ballot-polling audits. Comparison audits check some of the subtotals reported by the vote tabulation system, by hand-counting votes on the corresponding ballots. Ballot-polling audits select ballots at random and interpret those ballots by hand until there is strong evidence that the outcome is right, or until all the votes have been counted by hand: They directly assess whether the outcome is correct, rather than assessing whether the tabulation was accurate. Comparison audits have advantages, but make large demands on the vote tabulation system. Ballot-polling audits make no such demands. For small margins, they can require large samples, but the total burden may still be modest for large contests, such as county-wide or statewide races. This paper describes BRAVO, a flexible protocol for risk-limiting ballot-polling audits. Among 255 state presidential contests between 1992 and 2008, the median expected sample size to confirm the plurality winner in each state using BRAVO was 307 ballots (per state). Ballot-polling audits can improve election integrity immediately at nominal incremental cost to election administration.