Phrase Structure Annotation and Parsing for Learner English
Phrase Structure Annotation and Parsing for Learner English
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DOI：
10.18653/v1/p16-1173
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发表时间：
2016-08
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Ryo Nagata;Keisuke Sakaguchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ryo Nagata;Keisuke Sakaguchi
英语学习者经常会出现语法错误，这些语法错误具有结构特征，如省略、插入、替换和词序错误。现有的上下文无关语法（CFG）规则不包括这些错误。因此，如何用短语结构对学习者进行注释并不是一件简单的事情。由于这一限制，尽管对学习者语料库的短语结构标注非常重要和有用，但目前几乎没有相关研究。为了解决这一问题，我们提出了一种针对英语学习者的短语结构标注方案，该方案包括五个原则。我们将该标注方案应用于两个不同的学习者语料库，并展示了(i)它在一致地用短语结构标注学习者英语方面的有效性（即注释者之间的高一致性）；（ii）从标注语料库中获得学习者英语的结构特征（CFG规则）；（三）短语结构分析在英语学习者中的首次表现。我们还向公众发布注释指南、注释数据和解析器模型。
Learner English often contains grammatical errors with structural characteristics such as omissions, insertions, substitutions, and word order errors. These errors are not covered by the existing context-free grammar (CFG) rules. Therefore, it is not at all straightforward how to annotate learner English with phrase structures. Because of this limitation, there has been almost no work on phrase structure annotation for learner corpora despite its importance and usefulness. To address this issue, we propose a phrase structure annotation scheme for learner English, that consists of five principles. We apply the annotation scheme to two different learner corpora and show (i) its effectiveness at consistently annotating learner English with phrase structure (i.e., high inter-annotator agreement); (ii) the structural characteristics (CFG rules) of learner English obtained from the annotated corpora; and (iii) phrase structure parsing performance on learner English for the first time. We also release the annotation guidelines, the annotated data, and the parser model to the public.