Acquisition of operant-trained bipedal locomotion in juvenile Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata): a longitudinal study.
Acquisition of operant-trained bipedal locomotion in juvenile Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata): a longitudinal study.
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日本幼猴（Macaca fuscata）经过操作训练的双足运动习得：一项纵向研究。
DOI：
10.1123/mcj.7.4.395
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
S. Mori
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Tachibana;F. Mori;C. Boliek;K. Nakajima;C. Takasu;S. Mori
本研究调查了正常四足幼猴(M.fuscata)获得操作员训练的两足站立和BP行走的发育方面。4只雄性猕猴(年龄：1.6~2.4岁，体重：3.3~4.6公斤)最初接受手术训练，在光滑的地面和固定的跑步机腰带(宽度=60厘米，行走长度=150厘米)上直立站立。然后训练他们在移动的跑步机腰带上两足行走(速度：0.4~0.7m/S)。每只猴子在最初的40-60天内接受常规训练(5天/周；30-60分钟/天)，然后进行较低强度的训练。在运动训练开始后，对A、B、C和D猴分别进行了592、534、526和537天的直立姿势稳定性和BP步行能力的运动学评估。拍摄(10帧/S)和录像(250帧/S)行走猴的左侧和背部。头部、身体和后肢的棒状图形是参照位于耳朵前面和后肢关节枢轴点上的墨迹绘制的。所有运动学数据数字化，并用图像分析软件进行分析。经过充分的身体发育和运动训练，所有猴子逐渐获得：(A)在BP运动中身体轴方向恒定的更直立和更稳定的姿势；(B)身体和后肢运动之间更稳定和更强的功能耦合，身体轴的前后波动较小；(C)骨盆中线位置较小的向左(LT)-向右(RT)位移，允许猴子沿直线行走；(D)髋膝、膝盖-脚踝和脚踝-跖趾(MTP)关节之间更协调的关系；最后，(E)即使在跑步机腰带速度高达1.5m/S的情况下，也能获得良好的BP行走协调性。所有这些结果表明，身体发育中的猴子有能力整合神经和肌肉骨骼机制，以充分协调上(头、颈、躯干)和下(后肢)运动部分，从而能够阐述BP站立和BP行走。
This study investigated developmental aspects of the acquisition of operant-trained bipedal (Bp) standing and Bp walking in the normally quadrupedal (Qp) juvenile Japanese monkey (M. fuscata). Four male monkeys (age: 1.6 to 2.4 years, body weight: 3.3 to 4.6 kg) were initially operantly trained to stand upright on a smooth floor and a stationary treadmill belt (width = 60 cm, walking length = 150 cm). They were then trained to walk bipedally on the moving treadmill belt (speed: 0.4-0.7 m/s). A regular training program (5 days/week; 30-60 min/day) was given to each monkey for the first 40 to 60 days, followed by less intensive training. After the beginning of locomotor training, upright postural stability and Bp walking capability were assessed kinematically for 592, 534, 526, and 537 days on monkeys A, B, C, and D, respectively. Left side- and back-views of the walking monkey were photographed (10 frames/s) and videotaped (250 frames/s). Stick figures of the head, body, and hindlimbs were drawn with reference to ink-marks positioned in front of the ear and over the pivot points of hindlimb joints. All kinematic data were digitized and analyzed using image-analyzing software. After sufficient physical growth and locomotor training, all the monkeys gradually acquired: (a) a more upright and a more stable posture with a constant body axis orientation during Bp locomotion; (b) a more stable and a stronger functional coupling between the body and hindlimb movements with a less anterior (A)-posterior (P) fluctuation of a body axis; (c) a smaller leftward (Lt)-rightward (Rt) displacement of the midline pelvic position, allowing the monkey to walk along a straight course; (d) a more coordinated relationship among hip-knee, knee-ankle, and ankle-metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints; and finally (e) the acquisition of well-coordinated Bp walking even at high treadmill belt speeds up to 1.5 m/s. All of these results demonstrated the capability of the physically developing monkey to integrate the neural and musculoskeletal mechanisms required for sufficient coordination of upper (head, neck, trunk) and lower (hindlimbs) motor segments so that Bp standing and Bp walking could be elaborated.