Human Rights in the Emerging World Order
Human Rights in the Emerging World Order
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新兴世界秩序中的人权
DOI：
10.1080/20414005.2010.11424500
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Raz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Raz
本文通过对人权问题的政治解读，首先对法律权利与道德权利、权利与利益的关系进行了阐释，然后运用分析的方法对人权问题进行了解释。它以健康权和受教育权为例，驳斥了将人权视为人们仅凭借其人性而拥有的权利的传统理论。但人权是同步普遍的。它们是今天生活的所有人都拥有的权利，这一特征是它们对国家主权设定限制并为跨越国界的责任辩护这一事实的前提和结果。人权在国际舞台上的作用是强调所有人的生命的价值。它们使个人利益在国际关系中处于核心地位，并已成为新兴世界秩序的独特组成部分，在这种秩序中，它们为国际舞台上的政治行动创造了新的渠道。从本质上讲，它们是需要法律和政治保护的道德权利。不用说，保护它们的机制应该是有效、可靠和公平的，否则它们可能弊大于利。虽然法律程序不是人权，但得不到公平和有效保护的精神权利。对这些问题的讨论突出表明，人权的政治解释认为它们的存在取决于社会、经济和文化因素，而健康权和受教育权被用来说明这种对事实偶然性的依赖。国际舞台瞬息万变的结构包括人权内容和保护方面的变化和挑战。文件最后讨论了文化多样性给确定这类权利的内容和设计保护这些权利的机制带来的困难。
ABSTRACT Pursuing the so-called political account of human rights, this talk first explains some aspects of the relations between legal and moral rights, and between rights and interests, and then applies the analysis to provide an explanation of human rights. Using the rights to health and to education as examples, it rejects the traditional theory that takes human rights to be rights that people have in virtue of their humanity alone. But human rights are synchronically universal. They are rights which all people living today have, a feature that is a precondition of, and a result of, the fact that they set limits to state sovereignty and justify accountability across borders. Human rights function in the international arena to underline the worth of all human life. They give individual interests a central place in international relations, and have become a distinctive ingredient in the emerging world order where they generate new channels for political action in the international arena. They are by their nature moral rights that call for legal-political protection. Needless to say mechanisms for their protection should be efficient, reliable and fair, or they may cause more harm than good. Moral rights that cannot be fairly and effectively protected though legal processes are not human rights. The discussion of these points highlights the fact that the political account of human rights takes their existence to be contingent on social, economic and cultural factors, and the rights to health and to education are used to illustrate this dependence on factual contingencies. The fast-changing structures of the international scene include changes and challenges in the content and protection of human rights. The paper concludes with a discussion of the difficulties that cultural diversity creates for identifying the content of such rights, and for devising mechanisms for their protection.