One-seeded fruits in the core Caryophyllales: their origin and structural diversity.
One-seeded fruits in the core Caryophyllales: their origin and structural diversity.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0117974
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Krinitsyna AA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sukhorukov AP;Mavrodiev EV;Struwig M;Nilova MV;Dzhalilova KKh;Balandin SA;Erst A;Krinitsyna AA
核心石竹目植物由约30个科12 000种组成，分布于世界各地。许多成员进化出单籽或连体果实，但它们的起源和结构多样性尚未被调查。对石竹目核心内的单籽果实进行了比较解剖研究。利用基于rbcL和matK数据的树来追踪单籽果实的起源和一些果树性状的进化重建，以了解其祖先性状及其变化。单籽果型被推测为核心石竹目的祖先特征状态，随后在所有主要支系中看到的种子数量都增加了。大多数‘早期分叉’分支的代表在不同的木质学特征上有所区别。果皮的组织结构在许多类群中是不同的，尽管果实具有干燥的多层果皮，外层由厚壁组织组成，下面有薄壁薄壁组织，种子占据垂直的胚胎位置，这可能是核心石竹目分支中的祖先特征状态。在独生单种子的龙眼果科、藜科、夜蛾科、塞舌兰科和莎草科的果实和种子结构上发现了一些特殊的果子学特征。水平胚只在藜科的某些类群中进化。内被盖细胞的杆状增厚似乎是石竹目核心的一个额外特征。石竹科植物从合心到裂果的模式需要重新解释。
The core Caryophyllales consist of approximately 30 families (12 000 species) distributed worldwide. Many members evolved one-seeded or conjoined fruits, but their origin and structural diversity have not been investigated. A comparative anatomical investigation of the one-seeded fruits within the core Caryophyllales was conducted. The origin of the one-seeded fruits and the evolutionary reconstructions of some carpological characters were traced using a tree based on rbcl and matK data in order to understand the ancestral characters and their changes. The one-seeded fruit type is inferred to be an ancestral character state in core Caryophyllales, with a subsequent increase in the seed number seen in all major clades. Most representatives of the ‘Earlier Diverging’ clade are distinguished in various carpological traits. The organization of the pericarp is diverse in many groups, although fruits with a dry, many-layered pericarp, consisting of sclerenchyma as outer layers and a thin-walled parenchyma below, with seeds occupying a vertical embryo position, are likely ancestral character states in the core Caryophyllales clade. Several carpological peculiarities in fruit and seed structure were discovered in obligate one-seeded Achatocarpaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Seguieriaceae and Sarcobataceae. The horizontal embryo evolved in only certain groups of Chenopodiaceae. The bar-thickening of endotegmen cells appears to be an additional character typical of core Caryophyllales. The syncarpy-to-lysicarpy paradigm in Caryophyllaceae needs to be reinterpreted.
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