Dentistry in England in the 1840s: the first indications of a movement towards professionalization.
Dentistry in England in the 1840s: the first indications of a movement towards professionalization.
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DOI：
10.1017/s0025727300013028
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发表时间：
1968-04
期刊：
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
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本文追溯了上个世纪第四个十年的早期行动，以实现那些实践牙科心脏的联盟。对这些人来说，这是一个经常斗争和出现小集团的时期。此时，牙科正处于从一种无区别的职业状态，即外行作为次要职业的执业状态，向一种职业实体发展的阵痛中，在这种职业实体中，人们开始专门从事牙科执业。牙医专业化的最初迹象和要求也在不断发展；某些牙科医生第一次开始尝试把自己组织起来，组成社团和协会，这将使牙科获得更崇高和更专业的地位，并将改革牙科事务中普遍存在的混乱局面。19世纪上半叶出现了有组织的职业，并引入了正式培训和最低入学标准。在对牙科外科作为一个独立的专业实体出现的早期运动的研究中，因此有必要记住，其他专业职业，特别是医学和外科专业，在许多年里本身只是表面上组织起来的——这在很大程度上可能是人口发展方式的结果。直到18世纪末，人口仍然相对较少，并广泛分布在自给自足的农村社区。19世纪见证了人口的急剧增长和从乡村向城镇的迁移。迄今为止，诸如内科医生、外科医生、牙医和药剂师等专家在地理上或社会上彼此孤立，或者人数太少，不需要或不可能制定任何竞争规则或引入业务守则。没有法律限制不合格或未经训练的医生向公众提供服务。事实上，直到几年的城市化之后，医学本身才变得有组织；因此，在这种情况下，发现牙科直到19世纪下半叶才成为有组织的辅助医学专业，也就不足为奇了。“在过去之前。
THIS paper traces early moves during the fourth decade of the last century to bring about an alliance of those practising theart ofdentistry. For these persons this was a period oftense struggle and of the emergence of cliques. Dentistry was at this time in the throes of progressing from a state of being an undifferentiated occupation, that is-practice by a lay person as a secondaryoccupation, to that of being an occu-pational entity, in which persons began to give themselves exclusively to the practice of dentistry. There were also evolving the first signs of, and claims for, a professionali-zation for dentistry; for the first time certain dental practitioners began to try to organize themselves together into societies and associations, which would afford dentistry a more exalted and professional position, and which would reform the prevailing chaos in dentalmatters.The first half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence of the organized pro-fessions, and of the introduction of formal training and minimum standards of admission. In a study of early moves towards the emergence of dental surgery as a separate professional entity, it is therefore relevant to remember that other pro-fessional occupations, and particularly the medical and surgical professions, were themselves for many years only superficially organized-largely perhaps a result of the manner in which the population had developed. Until the end ofthe eighteenth century the population remained relatively small and was widely distributed in selfcontained rural communities. The nineteenth centurysaw tremendous increases in the population and a move away from the country into the towns. Hitherto specialists such as physicians, surgeons, dentists and apothecaries were either geographically or socially isolated from each other, or were too few in numberto requireor make possible any regulation of competition or the introduction of codes of practice. There was no legal restriction to prevent the unqualified or untrained practitioner from offering his services to the public. It was indeed not until after some years of urbanization that medicine itself became organized; in the circumstances it is therefore not surprising to find that dentistry, evolving as it did as a paramedical speciality, was not to become organized until the second halfof the nineteenthcentury.'Before the passing of the