Language, Ethnicity, and the Nation-State: On Max Weber’s Conception of “Imagined Linguistic Community”
Language, Ethnicity, and the Nation-State: On Max Weber’s Conception of “Imagined Linguistic Community”
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语言、种族与民族国家：论马克斯·韦伯的“想象的语言共同体”概念
DOI：
10.1007/s11186-018-9321-y
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Mitsuhiro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tada;Mitsuhiro
社会学理论中的方法论民族主义已不适应当今全球化时代，应予摒弃。鉴于这一争论，本文讨论了马克斯·韦伯的语言观，将其作为相对化国家社会框架的一种方式。虽然20世纪60年代以来的社会学“语言学转向”假设语言-语言共同体的共享是理解意义的主体间基础，但韦伯认为语言共同体是被建构的。从韦伯的理性主义、主观主义、个人主义观点来看，语言共同体是社会行为的结果，而不是德国形而上学有机论（和历史决定论整体论）所假定的先验实体。的确，韦伯时代的中欧是语言民族主义的战场；与冷战时期的国家社会相比，国家边界是不稳定的，最终，该地区的多民族帝国在第一次世界大战后被拆除，变成了民族语言的民族国家。这一当代现实的经验将韦伯带到了语言与政治关系的核心：语言共同体是一种想象的共同体，它不是由语言本身划定的，而是由有意识地反对外来者划定的，边界内的单语语境是由语言标准化和国民教育等同质化政策人为地创造出来的——这是语言的第一次现代性。韦伯认为，通过这种方式，语言可以成为统治的手段。
Methodological nationalism in sociological theory is unfit for the current globalized era, and should be discarded. In light of this contention, the present article discusses Max Weber’s view of language as a way to relativize the frame of the national society. While a “linguistic turn” in sociology since the 1960s has assumed that the sharing of language—linguistic community—stands as an intersubjective foundation for understanding of meaning, Weber saw linguistic community as constructed. From Weber’s rationalist, subjectivist, individualist viewpoint, linguistic community was a result of social actions, not a prior entity as assumed by German metaphysical organicism (and historicist holism). Indeed, Central Europe in Weber’s era was a battlefield of linguistic nationalism(s); in contrast to the national societies of the Cold War period, national borders were unstable and ultimately the multiethnic empires of the region were dismantled after World War I into ethnolinguistic nation-states. Experience of this contemporary reality brought Weber to the core of the relationship between language and politics: A language community is an imaginary one demarcated not by language itself but by conscious opposition against outsiders, with monolingual contexts within borders created artificially by homogenizing policies like linguistic standardization and national education—the first modernity of language. In this way, Weber felt, language can be a means to domination.