Continuity and Transformation of Open Spaces in the Large Housing Estate Developed under Socialism in Prague, Czech Republic
Continuity and Transformation of Open Spaces in the Large Housing Estate Developed under Socialism in Prague, Czech Republic
复制标题
捷克布拉格社会主义大型住宅区开放空间的延续与改造
DOI：
10.1088/1757-899x/603/4/042050
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yuno Tanaka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
田中由乃;田中由乃;田中由乃;Yuno Tanaka
第二次世界大战后，世界各地开发了大量的住宅小区。特别是在当时的社会主义国家，预制板房屋在邻里设施和开放空间建成之前就已经迅速建成。在布拉格最大的住宅区之一Jižní Mesto，早在20世纪60年代就规划了各种开放空间和公共设施，但其中许多都没有按计划实现，并且仍然没有得到维护。然而，它已经发展了几十年，现在这些开放空间的再生已经发生。本文从开放空间自身的背景和现状出发，阐明了开放空间的更新方式。首先，通过档案文献和实地调查，厘清了伊兹尼木市开放空间的原始概念和现状。接下来，我通过与市政府的采访，澄清了目前的政策和再生理念。在社会主义制度下的捷克斯洛伐克，当建造一座新建筑时，规定建筑费的一部分必须用于艺术品。在Jižní Msto的开发过程中，开发计划文件中提到了开放空间的概念和艺术品的布置。根据该文件，每一个设计都应该不仅针对单个建筑或地块，而且还应该针对整个Jižní Msto地区。此外，Jižní Msto的内部区域分为五个部分，每个部分都有自己的主题。各种艺术品-主要是雕塑，一些浮雕和喷泉等-在每一个领域的主题下进行规划。此外，还举办了庭院和街道家具设计竞赛。这一设计过程意味着Jižní Msto开放空间的原始概念注重场所的艺术性。目前在Jižní Msto的开放空间的再生设计在较短的时间内和较小的规模比原来的计划，因为它可以在规划过程中取消，如果它需要很长的时间。此外，更新的成功实现可以提高邻居对开放空间的认识，并使合作关系更容易为未来的更新。每一个开放空间的重建都考虑到现有的物体、邻居的需要以及与周围建筑和设施的关系。例如，在社会主义时代设计的雕塑一直保留到今天，成为再生开放空间的一部分。另一方面，更多的功能性材料，如衣物干燥工具或沙箱，计划在不再使用时删除。考虑到居民的便利性，现有的期望路径路线在新的再生计划中保留为铺砌路径。开放空间中的功能材料可以根据居住者的需求进行灵活的更新，使开放空间更加舒适和方便。但与此同时，一些在社会主义制度下创作的艺术品被保存下来，几十年前种植的树木现在也在生长，并提供了丰富的绿色区域。这种连续性通过转变表明了这个地方的历史。
After WW II, a large number of housing estates has been developed all over the world. Especially in the socialist countries at that time, prefab panel housings had been constructed quickly before the completion of neighbourhood facilities and open spaces. In Jižní Město, one of the largest housing estates in Prague, various open spaces and public facilities had been planned in 1960s but many of them had not realized as planned and remained without maintenance. However, it has been decades after the development, and now the regeneration of these open spaces has taken place. In this paper, it is clarified that the regeneration way of the open spaces depending on their own backgrounds and present situations. First, I clarified the original concept and present situation of open spaces in Jižní Město by archive documents and field survey. Next, I clarified the present policy and idea of the regeneration by an interview with the municipality. When a new building is constructed in Czechoslovakia under socialism, it was enacted that the part of the construction fee had to be used for artworks. At the development of Jižní Město, the concept of open spaces and the arrangement of artworks were mentioned in a document of the development plan. According to the document, every design should be designed not only for individual building or plot, but also the whole area of Jižní Město. Besides, the area inside of Jižní Město was divided into five parts and each of them had own theme. Various artworks-mainly sculptures, some reliefs and fountains etc.-were planned under each area theme. In addition, a design competition of courtyard and street furniture was held. This design process means the original concept of open spaces in Jižní Město paid attention to the artistry of place. Present regeneration of open spaces in Jižní Město is designed in a shorter period of time and smaller scale than the original plan because it can be cancelled in the course of planning if it takes a long time. Furthermore, the successful realization of regeneration can raise awareness of neighbours about open space and make the cooperative relationship easier for the future regeneration. Each regeneration of open space considers existing objects, neighbours' needs and relationship with surrounding buildings and facilities. For example, a sculpture designed in the socialist era remains until today and became part of the regenerated open space. On the other hand, more functional materials such as laundry drying tool or sandbox are planned to remove when they have not been used anymore. An existing desire path route remains as a paved path in a new regeneration plan considering inhabitants' convenience. The functional materials in open spaces can be changed flexibly by regeneration depending on the inhabitants' needs and it can make open spaces more comfortable and convenient. However, at the same time, some artworks created under socialism are preserved and trees planted decades ago are now grown and provides rich green areas. These kinds of continuity indicate the history of the place through transformation.