Is transactional sex exploitative? A social norms perspective, with implications for interventions with adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania
Is transactional sex exploitative? A social norms perspective, with implications for interventions with adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0214366
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发表时间：
2019-04-02
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Buller, Ana Maria
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wamoyi, Joyce;Heise, Lori;Buller, Ana Maria
虽然交易性行为在许多性关系中很常见，但很少有研究表明这种做法在多大程度上被认为是剥削性的。我们描述的社会规范，影响交易性行为在坦桑尼亚的姆万扎的两个网站，并探讨当地的理解是否以及在什么条件下，它被认为是剥削。然后，我们比较这些“主位”的剥削的国际定义和规范性剥削的理解。本研究采用了定性研究设计，涉及18个焦点小组讨论和43个深入访谈，与14 -24岁的年轻人和14-24岁儿童的父母在农村地区和城市中心内姆万扎，坦桑尼亚。在NVivo 10的帮助下进行了专题分析。影响性交易做法的社会规范包括：互惠作为一种核心文化价值观，渗透在判断性关系交换的方式中;基于性别的期望，即男子应在性关系中满足妇女的物质需求，妇女应通过性手段回报;以及被视为“时尚”的同龄人压力。青春期女孩和青年妇女（AGYW）面临着强大的同龄人压力，要求她们遵循“现代生活方式”，这体现在时尚的服装和手机等其他现代物品上。剥削的主位概念是由关系或性接触周围的情况界定的。当地认为交易关系具有剥削性质的重要因素包括：当遭遇或关系涉及权力不平衡（基于年龄、男性经济权力和社会地位）时;当男性不回报时;当性行为受到胁迫时。根据社区的观点，年轻妇女接受礼物或金钱但拒绝性行为或索要大笔金钱的行为应被视为对男子的剥削。旨在减少通过性交易剥削青年男女总干事的干预措施需要认识到，对什么是性剥削以及影响性交易做法的社会和性别规范的理解各不相同。干预措施需要让社区和家庭进行批判性思考，帮助他们找到积极的替代办法，以取代目前影响青年男女和男子参与性交易的性别社会规范。
Although transactional sex is common in many sexual relationships, there has been little research into the degree to which the practice is considered exploitative in the settings in which it is practiced. We describe the social norms that influence transactional sex in two sites in Mwanza, Tanzania, and explore local understandings of whether and under what conditions it is considered exploitative. We then compare these "emic" understandings of exploitation to international definitions and norms around sexual exploitation. This study employed a qualitative research design involving 18 focus group discussions and 43 in-depth interviews with young people aged 14-24 years and parents with children aged 14-24 years in a rural area and an urban center within Mwanza, Tanzania. Thematic analysis was conducted with the aid of NVivo 10. The social norms influencing the practice of transactional sex included: reciprocity as a core cultural value that permeates the way exchange in sexual relationships is judged; gendered expectations that men should provide for women's material needs in sexual relationships and that women should reciprocate by means of sex; and peer pressure to be perceived as "fashionable". Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) are under strong peer pressure to conform to a "modern lifestyle" as reflected in stylish clothing and other items of modernity such as cellphones. The emic conceptualization of exploitation is defined by circumstances surrounding the relationship or a sexual encounter. Important factors that characterize local notions of when transactional relationships are considered exploitative include: when the encounter or relationship involves an imbalance of power (based on age, male economic power and social status); when a man fails to reciprocate; and when sex is coerced. According to community perspectives, young women's behavior should be considered exploitative of men when they take gifts or money yet refuse sex or when they demand large sums of money. Interventions aimed at reducing AGYW's exploitation through transactional sex need to be cognizant of the variations in the understanding of what constitutes sexual exploitation as well as the social and gender norms influencing the practice of transactional sex. Interventions need to involve communities and families in critical thinking that helps them identify positive alternatives to current gendered social norms that shape the involvement of AGYW and men in transactional sex.