Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust: an historical overview focused on lung cancer risk.
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust: an historical overview focused on lung cancer risk.
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DOI：
10.3109/08958378.2012.691913
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发表时间：
2012-06
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Valberg PA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hesterberg TW;Long CM;Bunn WB;Lapin CA;McClellan RO;Valberg PA
55年前，人们首次注意到柴油废气颗粒（DEP）有机溶剂提取物的突变性，引发了大量关于柴油废气（DE）健康影响的研究，目前已发表的研究超过6000篇。尽管有大量的研究结果，但关于吸入职业性和环境性DE所带来的肺癌风险的性质的科学争论仍在继续，其中大部分争论集中在DEP上。数十年的科学审查和日益严格的监管导致了柴油发动机技术的重大进步。从今天的现代低排放，先进技术的道路重型柴油发动机中，“新技术柴油排气（NTDE）”中的颗粒物（PM）排放变化，现在更类似于当代汽油发动机排气（GEE）和压缩天然气发动机排气中的PM排放，而不是老式柴油发动机的“传统柴油排气”（TDE）特征。即使继续发表tde暴露人群的流行病学分析，该数据库的特点仍然是发现肺癌风险小幅增加，并且暴露-反应趋势的证据不一致，无论是在职业队列中还是在被认为具有明显不同暴露的职业群体中（例如卡车司机与铁路商店工人与地下矿工）。最近发表的国家职业安全与健康研究所(NIOSH)-国家癌症研究所（NCI）对矿工的流行病学研究提供了迄今为止关于de -肺癌关联的一些最有力的发现，但一些不一致的暴露-反应发现以及偏见和暴露错误分类的可能影响引发了对其解释的质疑。实验动物研究在所有物种中均未发现肺肿瘤，除了终身暴露于tde的大鼠，其持续时间和浓度会导致“肺负荷过重”。“大鼠肺对超载反应的物种特异性，以及它与其他颗粒类型的发生，现在已经很好地理解了。因此，人们普遍认为，在肺负荷过重的情况下，大鼠吸入颗粒的生物测定不能预测人类肺癌的危害。总的来说，尽管有大量的流行病学和实验数据，但对于TDE暴露是否会导致人类肺癌增加，仍然存在疑问。大量的排放特征数据以及初步的毒理学数据支持NTDE在毒理学上不同于TDE。目前，既没有流行病学数据，也没有动物生物测定数据直接与NTDE致癌潜力有关。目前正在进行的一项对NTDE的慢性生物测定将提供有关NTDE是否具有致癌危害的数据，但基于PM质量排放的显著减少和PM成分的重大变化，假设NTDE具有低致癌潜力。当国际癌症研究机构（IARC）在2012年6月重新评估DE（以及GEE和硝基arenes）时，它将是自NTDE出现和NTDE与TDE区分数据积累以来第一个评估DE致癌健康危害的权威机构。
The mutagenicity of organic solvent extracts from diesel exhaust particulate (DEP), first noted more than 55 years ago, initiated an avalanche of diesel exhaust (DE) health effects research that now totals more than 6000 published studies. Despite an extensive body of results, scientific debate continues regarding the nature of the lung cancer risk posed by inhalation of occupational and environmental DE, with much of the debate focused on DEP. Decades of scientific scrutiny and increasingly stringent regulation have resulted in major advances in diesel engine technologies. The changed particulate matter (PM) emissions in “New Technology Diesel Exhaust (NTDE)” from today's modern low-emission, advanced-technology on-road heavy-duty diesel engines now resemble the PM emissions in contemporary gasoline engine exhaust (GEE) and compressed natural gas engine exhaust more than those in the “traditional diesel exhaust” (TDE) characteristic of older diesel engines. Even with the continued publication of epidemiologic analyses of TDE-exposed populations, this database remains characterized by findings of small increased lung cancer risks and inconsistent evidence of exposure-response trends, both within occupational cohorts and across occupational groups considered to have markedly different exposures (e.g. truckers versus railroad shopworkers versus underground miners). The recently published National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-National Cancer Institute (NCI) epidemiologic studies of miners provide some of the strongest findings to date regarding a DE-lung cancer association, but some inconsistent exposure-response findings and possible effects of bias and exposure misclassification raise questions regarding their interpretation. Laboratory animal studies are negative for lung tumors in all species, except for rats under lifetime TDE-exposure conditions with durations and concentrations that lead to'lung overload."The species specificity of the rat lung response to overload, and its occurrence with other particle types, is now well-understood. It is thus generally accepted that the rat bioassay for inhaled particles under conditions of lung overload is not predictive of human lung cancer hazard. Overall, despite an abundance of epidemiologic and experimental data, there remain questions as to whether TDE exposure causes increased lung cancers in humans. An abundance of emissions characterization data, as well as preliminary toxicological data, support NTDE as being toxicologically distinct from TDE. Currently, neither epidemiologic data nor animal bioassay data yet exist that directly bear on NTDE carcinogenic potential. A chronic bioassay of NTDE currently in progress will provide data on whether NTDE poses a carcinogenic hazard, but based on the significant reductions in PM mass emissions and the major changes in PM composition, it has been hypothesized that NTDE has a low carcinogenic potential. When the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reevaluates DE (along with GEE and nitroarenes) in June 2012, it will be the first authoritative body to assess DE carcinogenic health hazards since the emergence of NTDE and the accumulation of data differentiating NTDE from TDE.
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影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Boffetta, P;Dosemeci, M;Silverman, D
通讯作者：
Silverman, D
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
AREY, J;ZIELINSKA, B;WINER, AM
通讯作者：
WINER, AM
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Biswas, Subhasis;Verma, Vishal;Sioutas, Constantinos
通讯作者：
Sioutas, Constantinos
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
BOND, JA;MAUDERLY, JL;WOLFF, RK
通讯作者：
WOLFF, RK
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Bhatia, R;Lopipero, P;Smith, AH
通讯作者：
Smith, AH