CYTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF RADIATION-CHIMAERAS
CYTOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF RADIATION-CHIMAERAS
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DOI：
10.1038/177452a0
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发表时间：
1956-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
LOUTIT, JF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
FORD, CE;HAMERTON, JL;LOUTIT, JF
HE术语chimæra长期用于植物学，最近被动物学家采用来表示其组成细胞具有多个基因型或抗原谱系的动物。这种状态可能自然发生，就像牛的自由马丁一样。 mano 中甚至报道了一个例子。它可能是通过将外来胶注射到发育中的胎儿中而引起的。在所有这些情况下，人们相信，当免疫机制不成熟时，来自一个个体的细胞在胎儿期被移植到另一个个体中。在这种情况下，自然股票和外国股票似乎能够并肩发展。动物出生后，给予同源细胞或组织的效果发生变化，发生同种移植反应；在初步“接受”之后，宿主会产生免疫反应，从而脱落移植物。 Jacobson等人以及不久后Lorenz等人*表明，接受预期致死剂量的X射线照射的成年小鼠如果移植或注射来自正常小鼠的造血组织，可以康复。因此，毫不奇怪，他们假设恢复是由于所给材料中的“体液”或化学因素，而不是外来细胞替换了宿主的受损组织。此外，洛伦兹和他的研究小组表明，即使是来自豚鼠和大鼠的异种材料在某些情况下也能产生类似的结果*。没有记录到异种移植物相容性的例子，因此体液理论似乎几乎成立。它得到了科尔和他的研究的额外支持。合作者7，他们表明，脾脏材料受到严重损伤的匀浆与悬浮液一样有效，在这些匀浆的差速离心中，活性部分是最重的，几乎完全由细胞核组成。该部分的活性被结晶脱氧核糖核酸酶和胰蛋白酶的溶液破坏，据信它们专门作用于裸露的细胞核，并且不会损害匀浆后可能留下的任何完整细胞*。埃利斯认为活性成分是大分子、颗粒，可能是脱氧核糖核蛋白。另一方面，我们实验室观察到，与接受同源细胞的类似小鼠相比，经过同源细胞照射和处理的近交小鼠只能存活很短的时间。用于注射的材料通常非常不稳定，在–79°C 下被甘油保存，一些细胞和之前施用同源细胞以引发免疫反应。破坏了第二次照射后注射相同材料的治疗效果。当照射后进行单次注射同源细胞时，供体的抗原在宿主体内持续存在并明显增加，并且先前在供体中诱导的抗体出现在宿主体内并且滴度增加（Mitchison，NA，未发表的近期工作）。
HE term chimæra, long used in botany, has recently been adopted by zoologists to denote an animal the constituent cells of which are of more than one genotypic or antigenic lineage. The state may occur naturally, as the freemartin in cattle. An example has even been reported in manº. It may be induced by the injection of foreign colls into the developing foetusº. In all these instances it is believed that cells from one individual are grafted into another during foetal life when the immunological mechanisms are immature. In these circumstances the natural and the foreign stock appear to be able to develop sido by side. After the birth of the animal the effect of administering homologous cells or tissues changes and the homograft reaction occurs; following a preliminary “take”, the host develops an immune response and as a result sheds the graft. It has been shown by Jacobson et al.. º, and soon after by Lorenz et al.*, that adult mice irradiated with an expectedly lethal dose of X-rays could recover if grafted or injected with hæmopoietic tissue from a normal mouse. Consequently it was not surprising that they postulated recovery to be due to a “humoral'or chemical factor in the material given, rather than to replacement of the damaged tissues of the host by foreign cells. Furthermore, Lorenz and his group showed that even heterospecific material from guinea pigs and rats could in some circumstances produce a similar result* s*. No example of the compatibility of a heterograft had been recorded, so the humoral theory seemed almost established. It received additional support from the investigations of Cole and his collaborators7, who showed that homogenates in which the splenic material had been subjected to severe trauma were as effective as suspensions. On differential centrifugation of these homogenates the active fraction was the heaviest, consisting almost wholly of nuclei. The activity of this fraction was destroyed by solutions of crystalline deoxyribonuclease and trypsin, which were believed to act specifically on naked nuclei and not to damage any intact cells which might have been left after homogenization*. Cole and Ellisº considered the active principle to be macromolecular, particulate and probably deoxyribonucleoprotein.On the other hand, there are the observations from Our laboratory. Inbred mice irradiated and treated with homologous cells survive for short periods only compared with similar mice given isologous cellsº. The material used for injection, normally very labile, is preservod by glycerol at–79 C., as are some cells; and prior administration of homologous cells to elicit an immune response destroys the therapeutic effect of a second, post-irradiation injection of identical materialº. When a single injection of homologous cells is made after irradiation, the donor's antigens persist and apparently increase in the host, and antibodies previously induced in the donor appear in the host and increase in titre (Mitchison, NA, unpublished work). Recent