First Results from HERA Phase I: Upper Limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum

First Results from HERA Phase I: Upper Limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum
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DOI：
10.3847/1538-4357/ac1c78
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发表时间：
2021-08
期刊：
The Astrophysical Journal
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. H. Collaboration;Zara Abdurashidova;J. Aguirre;P. Alexander;Z. Ali;Yanga Balfour;A. Beardsley;G. Bernardi;T. Billings;J. Bowman;R. Bradley;P. Bull;Jacob Burba;S. Carey;C. Carilli;Carina Cheng;D. DeBoer;M. Dexter;E. D. L. Acedo;Taylor Dibblee-Barkman;J. Dillon;J. Ely;A. Ewall-Wice;N. Fagnoni;Randall Fritz;S. Furlanetto;K. Gale-Sides;B. Glendenning;Deepthi Gorthi;B. Greig;J. Grobbelaar;Ziyaad Halday;B. Hazelton;J. Hewitt;J. Hickish;D. Jacobs;A. Julius;N. Kern;Joshua Kerrigan;P. Kittiwisit;S. Kohn;M. Kolopanis;A. Lanman;P. Plante;Telalo Lekalake;David Lewis;Adrian Liu;D. MacMahon;Lourence Malan;Cresshim Malgas;M. Maree;Z. Martinot;Eunice Matsetela;A. Mesinger;Mathakane Molewa;M. Morales;Tshegofalang Mosiane;S. Murray;A. Neben;B. Nikolic;C. Nunhokee;A. Parsons;Nipanjana Patra;R. Pascua;Samantha Pieterse;J. Pober;N. Razavi-Ghods;J. Ringuette;J. Robnett;K. Rosie;P. Sims;Saurabh Singh;Craig H. Smith;A. Syce;N. Thyagarajan;P. Williams;Haoxuan Zheng
T. H. Collaboration;Zara Abdurashidova;J. Aguirre;P. Alexander;Z. Ali;Yanga Balfour;A. Beardsley;G. Bernardi;T. Billings;J. Bowman;R. Bradley;P. Bull;Jacob Burba;S. Carey;C. Carilli;Carina Cheng;D. DeBoer;M. Dexter;E. D. L. Acedo;Taylor Dibblee-Barkman;J. Dillon;J. Ely;A. Ewall-Wice;N. Fagnoni;Randall Fritz;S. Furlanetto;K. Gale-Sides;B. Glendenning;Deepthi Gorthi;B. Greig;J. Grobbelaar;Ziyaad Halday;B. Hazelton;J. Hewitt;J. Hickish;D. Jacobs;A. Julius;N. Kern;Joshua Kerrigan;P. Kittiwisit;S. Kohn;M. Kolopanis;A. Lanman;P. Plante;Telalo Lekalake;David Lewis;Adrian Liu;D. MacMahon;Lourence Malan;Cresshim Malgas;M. Maree;Z. Martinot;Eunice Matsetela;A. Mesinger;Mathakane Molewa;M. Morales;Tshegofalang Mosiane;S. Murray;A. Neben;B. Nikolic;C. Nunhokee;A. Parsons;Nipanjana Patra;R. Pascua;Samantha Pieterse;J. Pober;N. Razavi-Ghods;J. Ringuette;J. Robnett;K. Rosie;P. Sims;Saurabh Singh;Craig H. Smith;A. Syce;N. Thyagarajan;P. Williams;Haoxuan Zheng
中科院分区：
其他
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. H. Collaboration;Zara Abdurashidova;J. Aguirre;P. Alexander;Z. Ali;Yanga Balfour;A. Beardsley;G. Bernardi;T. Billings;J. Bowman;R. Bradley;P. Bull;Jacob Burba;S. Carey;C. Carilli;Carina Cheng;D. DeBoer;M. Dexter;E. D. L. Acedo;Taylor Dibblee-Barkman;J. Dillon;J. Ely;A. Ewall-Wice;N. Fagnoni;Randall Fritz;S. Furlanetto;K. Gale-Sides;B. Glendenning;Deepthi Gorthi;B. Greig;J. Grobbelaar;Ziyaad Halday;B. Hazelton;J. Hewitt;J. Hickish;D. Jacobs;A. Julius;N. Kern;Joshua Kerrigan;P. Kittiwisit;S. Kohn;M. Kolopanis;A. Lanman;P. Plante;Telalo Lekalake;David Lewis;Adrian Liu;D. MacMahon;Lourence Malan;Cresshim Malgas;M. Maree;Z. Martinot;Eunice Matsetela;A. Mesinger;Mathakane Molewa;M. Morales;Tshegofalang Mosiane;S. Murray;A. Neben;B. Nikolic;C. Nunhokee;A. Parsons;Nipanjana Patra;R. Pascua;Samantha Pieterse;J. Pober;N. Razavi-Ghods;J. Ringuette;J. Robnett;K. Rosie;P. Sims;Saurabh Singh;Craig H. Smith;A. Syce;N. Thyagarajan;P. Williams;Haoxuan Zheng

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我们报告了再电离时期21 cm功率谱在红移7.9和10.4处的上限，这些数据来自氢再电离阵列（HERA）第一期的18晚数据（~ 36小时积分）。第一阶段的数据表明，系统模型可以在很大程度上抑制系统分类学，其动态范围相对于前景峰值功率为~ 109。这产生了在21 cm功率谱上的95%置信上限，Δ212≤(30.76)2mK2在k = 0.192 h Mpc−1在z = 7.9，以及Δ212≤(95.74)2mK2在k = 0.256 h Mpc−1在z = 10.4。在z = 7.9处，这些极限是迄今为止最敏感的，超过一个数量级。虽然我们在低视距傅里叶k∥模式下发现了残留系统学的证据，但在高k∥模式下，我们发现我们的数据在很大程度上与热噪声一致，这是系统可以从更深层次集成中受益的一个指标。观测到的系统分布可能是由于射频干扰、电缆子反射或残留的仪器交叉耦合造成的，值得进一步研究。该分析强调具有最小固有信号损失的算法，尽管我们确实在与管道相关的小形式的损失或偏差的伴随论文中进行了仔细的核算。总的来说，这些结果是开发调谐的、特定仪器的HERA分析管道的有希望的第一步，特别是在达到实验全部灵敏度的过程中完成了II期建设。
We report upper limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm power spectrum at redshifts 7.9 and 10.4 with 18 nights of data (∼36 hr of integration) from Phase I of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA). The Phase I data show evidence for systematics that can be largely suppressed with systematic models down to a dynamic range of ∼109 with respect to the peak foreground power. This yields a 95% confidence upper limit on the 21 cm power spectrum of Δ212≤(30.76)2mK2 at k = 0.192 h Mpc−1 at z = 7.9, and also Δ212≤(95.74)2mK2 at k = 0.256 h Mpc−1 at z = 10.4. At z = 7.9, these limits are the most sensitive to date by over an order of magnitude. While we find evidence for residual systematics at low line-of-sight Fourier k ∥ modes, at high k ∥ modes we find our data to be largely consistent with thermal noise, an indicator that the system could benefit from deeper integrations. The observed systematics could be due to radio frequency interference, cable subreflections, or residual instrumental cross-coupling, and warrant further study. This analysis emphasizes algorithms that have minimal inherent signal loss, although we do perform a careful accounting in a companion paper of the small forms of loss or bias associated with the pipeline. Overall, these results are a promising first step in the development of a tuned, instrument-specific analysis pipeline for HERA, particularly as Phase II construction is completed en route to reaching the full sensitivity of the experiment.