EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY ON CATEGORIZATION IN 1-YEAR-OLDS TO 2-YEAR-OLDS - GETTING DOWN TO BASIC
EFFECTS OF PROTOTYPICALITY ON CATEGORIZATION IN 1-YEAR-OLDS TO 2-YEAR-OLDS - GETTING DOWN TO BASIC
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DOI：
10.1016/0885-2014(95)90018-7
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发表时间：
1995-01-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
HERTSGAARD, LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BAUER, PJ;DOW, GA;HERTSGAARD, LA
越来越多的证据表明，基本级别类别是后来发展的成就，是早期全球级别类别分化的结果。 类别内的相似性和类别间的对比已被证明是分类的主要决定因素，因此它们也可能影响分化。 通过改变范例原型，我们研究了类别内相似性和类别间对比操作对区分的联合影响。 使用对象操作，我们测试了 13 个月、16 个月和 20 个月大的孩子（实验 1）；以及 24 和 28 个月大的孩子（实验 2）对完全由原型范例和非原型范例组成的全局和基本级别对象集的分类。 原型性的影响在全局和基础层面上是平行的：原型范例的分类优于非原型范例的分类。 与非原型范例相比，儿童在更早的年龄就对原型范例类别表现出系统的行为。 原型和非原型样本分类之间的差距首先在整体对比水平（即 24 个月时）缩小，随后在基本对比水平（即 28 个月时）缩小。 该研究提供了关于原型性的影响以及早期全球类别分化为更具体的基本级别类别的过程的新信息。
Increasing evidence suggests that basic-level categories are a developmentally later achievement, resulting from differentiation of earlier global-level ones. Both within-category similarity and between-category constrast have been shown to be major determinants of categorization, and thus they are likely to affect differentiation as well. By varying exemplar prototypicality we examined the joint influence on differentiation of manipulations of within-category similarity and between-category contrast. Using object manipulation, we tested 13-, 16-, and 20-months-olds' (Experiment 1); and 24-and 28-months-olds' (Experiment 2) categorization of global- and basic-level object sets composed entirely of prototypical exemplars and of nonprototypical exemplars. Effects of prototypicality were parallel at the global and basic levels: Categorization of prototypical exemplars was superior to that of nonprototypical exemplars. Children behaved systematically toward categories of prototypical exemplars at an earlier age than towards categories of nonprototypical exemplars. The gap between categorization of prototypical and nonprototypical exemplars narrowed first at the global level of contrast (i.e., at 24 months) and later at the basic level of contrast (i.e., at 28 months). The research provides new information on the effects of prototypicality and on the process of differentiation of early global categories into more specific basic-level ones.