Cost–Benefit Analyses of Mitigation Measures Aimed at Reducing Collisions with Large Ungulates in the United States and Canada: a Decision Support Tool
Cost–Benefit Analyses of Mitigation Measures Aimed at Reducing Collisions with Large Ungulates in the United States and Canada: a Decision Support Tool
复制标题
旨在减少美国和加拿大大型有蹄类动物碰撞的缓解措施的成本效益分析：决策支持工具
DOI：
10.5751/es-03000-140215
复制
发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
P. McGowen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Huijser;J. Duffield;A. Clevenger;R. Ament;P. McGowen
在美国和加拿大，野生动物与车辆相撞的事件很多，特别是与鹿(Odocoileus spp.)、麋鹿(Cervus Elaffus)和驼鹿(Alces Alces)的碰撞，并显示出增加的趋势。我们计算了与鹿、麋鹿和驼鹿车辆相撞的平均成本，包括车辆维修成本、人员伤亡、拖车、事故处理和调查、在碰撞中死亡的动物对猎人的货币价值，以及处理动物身体的成本。此外，我们还审查了13项缓解措施的有效性和成本，这些措施被认为是减少与大型有蹄类动物碰撞的有效措施。我们使用1%、3%和7%的贴现率在75年的时间里进行了成本效益分析，以确定阈值(以2007年美元计)，超过这个阈值，个别缓解措施开始产生超过成本的效益。这些阈值被转化为每年每公里需要发生的鹿与麋鹿或驼鹿车辆相撞的数量，以使缓解措施开始产生超过成本的经济效益。此外，我们计算了美国和加拿大10个路段与大型有蹄类动物车辆相撞的相关成本，并将这些成本与阈值进行了比较。最后，我们对其中一个路段进行了更详细的成本分析，以说明即使每年每公里大型有蹄类车辆碰撞的平均成本可能达不到许多缓解措施的门槛，但路段上的特定位置仍然可以超过门槛。我们相信，本文提出的成本效益模型可以为确定减少有蹄类车辆碰撞的缓解措施提供有价值的决策支持工具。关键词：动物-车辆碰撞；成本-效益分析；鹿；经济；效果；麋鹿；人的伤亡；缓解措施；驼鹿；路死；有蹄类动物；车辆维修费用；野生动物-车辆碰撞
Wildlife–vehicle collisions, especially with deer (Odocoileus spp.), elk (Cervus elaphus), and moose (Alces alces) are numerous and have shown an increasing trend over the last several decades in the United States and Canada. We calculated the costs associated with the average deer–, elk–, and moose–vehicle collision, including vehicle repair costs, human injuries and fatalities, towing, accident attendance and investigation, monetary value to hunters of the animal killed in the collision, and cost of disposal of the animal carcass. In addition, we reviewed the effectiveness and costs of 13 mitigation measures considered effective in reducing collisions with large ungulates. We conducted cost–benefit analyses over a 75-year period using discount rates of 1%, 3%, and 7% to identify the threshold values (in 2007 U.S. dollars) above which individual mitigation measures start generating benefits in excess of costs. These threshold values were translated into the number of deer–, elk–, or moose–vehicle collisions that need to occur per kilometer per year for a mitigation measure to start generating economic benefits in excess of costs. In addition, we calculated the costs associated with large ungulate–vehicle collisions on 10 road sections throughout the United States and Canada and compared these to the threshold values. Finally, we conducted a more detailed cost analysis for one of these road sections to illustrate that even though the average costs for large ungulate–vehicle collisions per kilometer per year may not meet the thresholds of many of the mitigation measures, specific locations on a road section can still exceed thresholds. We believe the cost–benefit model presented in this paper can be a valuable decision support tool for determining mitigation measures to reduce ungulate–vehicle collisions. Key words: animal–vehicle collisions; cost–benefit analysis; deer; economic; effectiveness; elk; human injuries and fatalities; mitigation measures; moose; roadkill; ungulate; vehicle repair cost; wildlife–vehicle collision