Anovulation to a luteinising hormone surge in an aged goat with follicular cysts
Anovulation to a luteinising hormone surge in an aged goat with follicular cysts
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患有卵泡囊肿的老年山羊无排卵导致黄体生成素激增
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T. Sawada
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Kawate;N. Morita;M. Tsuji;H. Tamada;T. Inaba;T. Sawada
该地区局部增厚，该地区的探测大多不足。Stocker和其他人()和Medl等人(1994年)分别报告了放射照相和内窥镜在这些病例中的效率低下。乳头狭窄通常表现为高回声(图1)或有时为低回声。异物，例如血肿(图2c)和脓液颗粒，有类似的回声，但这些回声可以看到移动。牛奶的存在会影响超声检查的结果。当乳头充满牛奶时，这些检查是充分有利的；如果乳头没有充满牛奶，可能会得到误导性的结果。如果在注射催产素的情况下乳头中没有足够的乳汁(主要是由于乳环区域的梗阻或乳房叶中没有乳汁)，则应将生理盐水溶液注入乳头状窦，除非乳头状管或Furstenberg花环周围有梗阻。当没有液体注入时，图像的质量会降低。超声检查直接进行或在水浴中进行各有优缺点。直接接触很容易，但乳头的形状可能会改变，因为探头附近的乳头壁和芙丝汀堡区域的玫瑰花环不能完全看到。然而，直接接触在诊断乳头底部狭窄方面有优势，因为水杯不容易放置在乳头底部及其背部水平。更详细的信息可以通过水浴检查在乳头的其他部分获得。正如Stocker等人(1989)和Saratsis and Grunert(1993)报告的那样，5 MHz的频率应该足以诊断乳头狭窄。Stocker和其他人()也报告说，35 MHz对于相同的目的可能是不够的；然而，Cartee和其他人(1986)报告说，当10 MHz时，乳头的血管和粘膜皱折变得清晰可见。结论：与传统的临床检查方法相比，超声检查具有更好的诊断特点，建议将超声检查用于乳头狭窄的诊断。超声检查是对其他方法的支持和补充。
local thickening of the area, and probing is mostly inadequate in this area. Stocker and others (1989) and Medl and others (1994) reported that radiography and endoscopy were inefficient in these cases, respectively. Teat stenosis usually appears hyperechoic (Fig la) or sometimes hypoechoic. Foreign bodies, for example, haematoma (Fig 2c) and pus particles, have similar echogenity but these may be seen to move. The presence of milk affects the results of ultrasonographic examinations. These examinations are performed to full advantage when a teat is full of milk; if the teat is not full of milk misleading results can be obtained. If there is not enough milk in the teat despite the oxytocin injection (due, largely, to an obstruction in the annular area or to the absence of milk in mammary lobe), physiological saline solution should be administered to the sinus papillaris, except where there is an obstruction in the ductus papillaris or around the rosette of Furstenberg. When no liquid is given intrammamanly, the quality of the image is reduced. There are advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonographic examinations performed directly or in a water bath. Direct contact can be easily applied; however, the shape of the teat may change because the teat wall near the probe and the rosette of Furstenberg area cannot be seen completely. Nevertheless, direct contact has advantages in diagnosing stenosis at the base of the teats, because the water cup cannot easily be placed at the teat base and its dorsal levels. More detailed information can be obtained by water bath examination in other parts of the teat. As Stocker and others ( 1989) and Saratsis and Grunert (1993) reported, a 5 MHz frequency should be adequate in the diagnosis of teat stenosis. Stocker and others (1989) also reported that 3 5 MHz could be inadequate for the same purpose; however, Cartee and others (1986) reported that the blood vessels and mucosal folds of the teat became clearly visible with 10 MHz. In conclusion, it is suggested that ultrasonography should be used in the diagnosis of teat stenosis because of the better diagnostic characteristics compared with the classic clinical examination methods. Ultrasonography supports and complements the other methods.
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
FORTUNE, JE
通讯作者：
FORTUNE, JE