Landscape disturbance and lake response: temporal and spatial perspectives
Landscape disturbance and lake response: temporal and spatial perspectives
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DOI：
10.1608/frj-7.2.811
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Anderson, N. John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Anderson, N. John
湖泊沉积物是记录湖泊对湖内过程和集水干扰（在一定时间尺度范围内）的响应的天然档案。湖泊对外部强迫的响应（或缺乏）是干扰的严重程度（及其面积范围）的函数，但也强烈介导的集水特征，如坡度和水文连通性。最近湖泊扰动的许多研究都集中在地球化学循环的人为破坏，例如酸化和富营养化，因为它们的“生态”力量似乎凌驾于集水区过滤器。湖泊沉积物还记录了自然干扰制度本身的变化（火，火山灰福尔斯，物种入侵，气候）和随之而来的湖泊响应，但这方面受到的关注要少得多。利用湖泊沉积物研究长期（10（2）- 10（3）年）相互作用的可能性，气候、流域个体发育和干扰事件（及其协同作用）尚未得到充分探讨，主要是因为过分强调气候是生态变化的直接驱动力。湖沼学也集中在几个关键地点（哨兵），但在响应景观生态学的发展已逐步接受了区域的方法来了解湖泊如何响应外部强迫（气候）和干扰（“景观中的湖泊”）。虽然湖泊与其集水区的相互作用是隐含的，即通过水文和营养负荷，古湖泊学家很少采取明确的空间观点，这种相互作用也没有考虑空间位置（即一个湖区内的一些湖泊的响应）。可以说，固有的空间变异性的陆地干扰已被古湖泊学家，主要是由于集中在一个核心从一个单一lake.This本文回顾了陆地干扰对湖泊的影响，但也主张明确考虑的空间和位置，在确定由此产生的时间变化的生态响应。还强调了湖内空间异质性的重要性（即沿岸的地带对多样性和生产的主要贡献）。然而，任何试图确定空间复制（即在区域范围内），整体（即整个湖泊）的干扰响应将遇到相当大的问题与约会，时间分辨率的损失和网站之间的比较。尽管如此，很明显，最近在生物标志物，化合物特定的稳定同位素领域的方法学发展，加上测年（年龄模型），生态建模和统计分析的进展，提供了进行区域复制研究湖泊对自然干扰的反应的可能性，从而促进和扩大我们对生态系统动态的理解在一系列的空间和时间尺度。
Lake sediments are natural archives that record the response of a lake to both in-lake processes and catchment disturbance (over a range of timescales). The response (or lack of) of a lake to external forcing is a function of the severity of the disturbance (and its areal extent) but is also strongly mediated by catchment characteristics, such as slope and hydrological connectivity. Many studies of recent lake disturbance have focussed on anthropogenic disruption of geochemical cycles, e.g. acidification and eutrophication, which because of their "ecological" power appear to over-ride catchment filters. Lake sediments also record the variability of natural disturbance regimes themselves (fire, volcanic ash falls, species invasions, and climate) and the consequent lake response but this aspect has received much less attention. The possibility of using lake sediments to address long-term (10(2) - 10(3) yr) interactions between e.g., climate, catchment ontogeny and disturbance events (and their synergies) has not been fully explored, largely because of an over-riding emphasis on climate as a direct driver of ecological change.Traditionally, limnology has also focussed on a few key sites (sentinels) but in response to the development of landscape ecology has progressively embraced a regional approach to understanding how lakes respond to external forcing (climate) and disturbance ("lakes in the landscape"). Although the interaction of a lake with its catchment is implicit, i.e. via hydrological and nutrient loading, palaeolimnologists rarely take an explicitly spatial view of this interaction nor have they considered spatial location (i.e. response of a number of lakes within a lake district). Arguably, the inherent spatial variability of terrestrial disturbance has been ignored by palaeolimnologists, largely as a result of focussing on one core from a single lake.This paper reviews the impact of terrestrial disturbance on lakes but also argues for explicit consideration of space and location in determining the resultant temporal variability of the ecological response. The importance of within-lake spatial heterogeneity is also high-lighted (i.e. the major contribution of the littoral zone to both diversity and production). However, any attempt to determine spatially replicated (i.e. at a regional scale), holistic (i.e. whole lake) responses to disturbance will encounter considerable problems associated with dating, loss of temporal resolution and among site comparison. Despite this, it is clear that recent methodological developments in the area of biomarkers, compound specific stable isotopes coupled with progress in dating (age-models), ecological modelling and statistical analysis offer the possibility of undertaking regionally-replicated studies of lake response to natural disturbance, thereby contributing and expanding our understanding of ecosystem dynamics at a range of spatial and temporal scales.