Occupational Closure and Wage Inequality in Germany and the United Kingdom
Occupational Closure and Wage Inequality in Germany and the United Kingdom
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DOI：
10.1093/esr/jcu095
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发表时间：
2015-06-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Weeden, Kim A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bol, Thijs;Weeden, Kim A.
基于租金的不平等观点认为，对获得劳动力市场职位的制度化障碍对劳动力供应造成人为限制，反过来，使处于受保护职位的工人的工资高于他们在竞争性劳动力市场中获得的工资。在这篇文章中，我们将这一论点扩展到比较的背景下，并阐述了一个基于租金的解释之间的职业工资不平等在德国和英国。我们测试它与新的和独特的数据上的四个制度化的来源关闭（教育认证，执照，工会，学徒），匹配到新构建的职业技能的措施和国家劳动力调查数据。我们发现，在这两个国家，职业间的工资不平等是巨大的，它在很大程度上可以追溯到不同职业的关闭和关闭和工资之间的正相关。我们还表明，在这两个国家，四个封闭机构中的每一个的流行率和回报都不同：具体来说，职业资格认证和工会化在德国有特别高的回报，而高等教育资格认证和执照在英国有特别高的回报。这些结果对于理解职业间工资不平等和工资不平等总体水平的跨国差异具有重要意义。
Rent-based accounts of inequality argue that institutionalized barriers to the access to labour market positions create artificial restrictions on the supply of labour and, in turn, generate wages for workers in protected positions in excess of the wages they would receive in a competitive labour market. In this article, we extend this argument to the comparative context, and elaborate a rent-based explanation of between-occupation wage inequality in Germany and the United Kingdom. We test it with new and unique data on four institutionalized sources of closure (educational credentialing, licensure, unionization, and apprenticeships), matched to newly constructed measures of occupational skills and to national labour force survey data. We show that in both countries, between-occupation wage inequality is substantial, and much of it can be traced to variations across occupations in closure and to the positive association between closure and wages. We also show that the prevalence and the payoff to each of the four closure institutions differ across the two countries: Specifically, vocational credentialing and unionization have a particularly high payoff in Germany, while tertiary credentialing and licensure have a particularly high payoff in the United Kingdom. These results have important implications for understanding between-occupation wage inequality and cross-national differences in aggregate levels of wage inequality.