Species richness and evolutionary speed: the influence of temperature, water and area
Species richness and evolutionary speed: the influence of temperature, water and area
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DOI：
10.1111/jbi.12173
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Wright, Shane D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gillman, Len N.;Wright, Shane D.
自然界中有一些模式即使对漫不经心的观察者来说也是惊人的。其中包括与纬度、海拔、降雨量和面积有关的物种丰富度模式。目前的想法表明，一些主要机制决定丰富度的变化，这些不同的模式和它们适用的生物群落的类型。在试图解释纬度多样性梯度（LDG）的许多假设中，最突出的是那些基于气候或历史因素（如过去的生物群落面积）的假设。基于气候的假设和基于历史的假设被认为是相互竞争的选择，但越来越多的人承认两者都很重要。进化速度假说（ESH）是几个基于气候的假说之一。根据这一假设，LDG是由热介导的进化速度和多样化的不对称性产生的。在这里，我们确定了五个关系预测的ESH和调查文献的经验证据支持和反对这些关系。我们发现这五种关系得到了一些实证研究的支持。然而，这方面的证据还存在差距，需要进一步的工作，因为温度和物种丰富度之间的关系是负的，当水是有限的，修改ESH是必要的。此外，我们认为，与面积，温度和水的可用性相关的多样性模式可能都受到一个共同的机制与生物可利用的能源及其对进化克里思的影响。遗传进化的速度也可能受到空间异质性以及生物和非生物环境变化速度的影响，从而可能在多样化和遗传进化之间引入正反馈。
There are a few patterns in nature that are striking even to casual observers. These include patterns of species richness associated with latitude, elevation, rainfall and area. Current thinking suggests that a number of primary mechanisms determine richness variation and that these differ depending on the type of pattern and the biome to which they apply. Prominent among the many hypotheses that attempt to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) are those based either on climate or on historical factors such as past biome area. Climate-based and historically-based hypotheses have been regarded as competing alternatives, but there is growing acknowledgement that both are important. The evolutionary speed hypothesis (ESH) is one of several climate-based hypotheses. According to this hypothesis the LDG is generated by thermally mediated asymmetries in evolutionary speed and diversification. Here we identify five relationships predicted by the ESH and survey the literature for empirical evidence for and against these relationships. We find these five relationships are supported by a number of empirical studies. However, there are gaps in this evidence that require further work and, because the relationship between temperature and species richness is negative when water is limited, a modification to the ESH is necessary. Additionally, we suggest that diversity patterns associated with area, temperature and water availability might all be influenced by a common mechanism associated with biologically available energy and its influence on the tempo of evolution. Rates of genetic evolution might also be influenced by spatial heterogeneity and rates of biotic and abiotic environmental change, potentially introducing positive feedbacks between diversification and genetic evolution.