Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism climate system
Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism climate system
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DOI：
10.1016/s0277-3791(99)00073-6
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发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
G. Zielinski
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Zielinski
火山喷发将大量富硫气体注入平流层，有能力在喷发后数年内使全球气候冷却0.2 - 0.3 ° C。赤道喷发会影响全球气候，而中纬度喷发则会使发源地半球的气候变冷。冷却的幅度因纬度而异，某些地区可能会变暖，主要是在冬季。虽然仪器记录已被用来量化火山对气候的影响，但它们的时间和空间覆盖范围有限，两个世纪的仪器记录中发生的火山爆发的类型和规模也有限。要彻底评价火山-气候系统的可变性范围，就需要采取多学科办法，其中包括分析冰芯记录、地质数据、大气测量和视觉现象、树木年轮记录和其他代用数据。对这些较长时间序列的评估表明，多次火山爆发有可能在十年到几十年的时间范围内影响气候，特别是当这些火山爆发增强或延长先前存在的凉爽条件时。另一方面，由于气候系统中不存在火山冷却成分，缺乏气候上重要的火山爆发可能导致十年期平均气温升高。大规模的火山爆发，如距今71，000 - 73，000年前的多巴火山爆发，可能会通过正反馈机制影响百年时间框架内的气候。有证据表明，与快速气候波动有关的环境变化，如冰川作用/冰消作用引起的地壳负荷/卸载以及冰川融水对海洋盆地负荷的变化，可能会导致火山活动的增加。
Volcanic eruptions that inject large quantities of sulfur-rich gases into the stratosphere have the capability of cooling global climate by 0.2–0.3°C for several years after the eruption. Equatorial eruptions will impact global climate whereas mid-latitude eruptions can cool climate in the hemisphere of origin. Magnitude of cooling varies by latitude and it is possible for warming to occur in certain regions, primarily during the winter. Although instrumental records have been used to quantify the volcanic impact on climate, they are limited in their temporal and spatial coverage, and the style and magnitude of eruptions occurring over the two centuries of instrumental records is limited. A thorough evaluation of the range of variability in the volcanism–climate system requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes the analysis of ice core records, geological data, atmospheric measurements and visual phenomena, tree-ring records and other proxy data. Evaluation of these longer time series indicates that multiple volcanic eruptions have the potential to force climate over decadal to multi-decadal time frames, especially when these eruptions enhance or extend pre-existing cool conditions. On the other hand, a lack of climatically significant eruptions may result in warmer average temperatures over decadal time frames because the volcanic-cooling component within the climate system is absent. Mega-eruptions, like the Toba eruption of ∼71,000–73,000yr ago, may impact climate on centennial time frames through positive feedback mechanisms. Evidence exists which indicates that environmental changes associated with rapid climatic fluctuations, such as crustal loading/unloading with glaciation/deglaciation and variability in glacial meltwater loading on ocean basins, may cause an increase in volcanic activity.