Mosquito-borne pathogens hijack human body odors to promote transmission.
Mosquito-borne pathogens hijack human body odors to promote transmission.
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蚊媒病原体劫持人体气味以促进传播。
DOI：
10.1007/s11427-022-2231-7
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Cheng,Gong
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wang,Penghua;Cheng,Gong
蚊子是世界上最致命的动物之一，传播许多疾病，包括疟疾、黄热病、登革热、寨卡热和基孔肯雅热等。每年有100多万人死于蚊媒疾病。登革热病毒(DENV)是最严重的虫媒病毒病，每年在125多个国家造成约1万人死亡和1亿人有症状感染。除了这些微生物疾病，蚊子叮咬还会引起疼痛和过敏反应，影响人的生活质量。雄性和雌性蚊子都以花蜜、蜜露和植物汁液为食；然而，雌性蚊子也需要血液来进行繁殖。幼稚的雌性蚊子可能会通过一顿血饭从感染者那里感染一种传染病(如病毒)，并将其传染给下一个人。因此，雌性蚊子的寻找宿主和觅血行为是病毒在自然界持续传播的关键决定因素。蚊子使用眼睛和嗅觉传感器，如头上的触角和上颌触须，以及稻草状的口器来观察和感觉环境线索，如颜色、气味、二氧化碳(CO2)和热量。特别是，哺乳动物的体臭含有许多影响蚊子行为的挥发性化合物，其中一些是具有良好特征的蚊子引诱剂，包括乳酸、丙酮、氨等(Dormont等人，2021年)。然而，这些线索可能因人而异，或者随着同一个人的生理条件而变化，如生活方式、皮肤微生物区系和健康状况。这些差异可能至少在一定程度上是个体对蚊子的不同吸引力的基础。例如，怀孕可能导致消耗更多的食物，导致排放更多的二氧化碳和其他蚊子引诱剂(Himeidan等人，2004年)。年龄也可能与蚊子叮咬的易感性有关；成年人似乎比儿童对蚊子更有吸引力。然而，性别对蚊子吸引的影响仍然没有定论。通过改变代谢率和挥发性代谢物的释放，饮食明显地改变了一个人的身体对蚊子的暗示；饮用啤酒和香蕉可以使一个人对蚊子更感兴趣(Ellwanger等人，2021年)。人类基因也可能通过影响挥发性气味和其他代谢物来影响人类对蚊子的吸引力(Ellwanger等人，2021年)。ABCC11基因的单核苷酸多态(SNP)538G/A影响腋臭的产生。蚊子似乎更喜欢O型血的人而不是A型血的人，更喜欢A型血的人而不是B型血的人(Ellwanger等人，2021年)。人类白细胞抗原Cw∗07等位基因与蚊子引诱剂的增加有关，包括乳酸、2-甲基丁酸、十四酸和辛醛。一项涉及16,576名欧洲人的全基因组关联研究显示，几个带有免疫基因的SNP可能与人类对蚊子的易感性有关
Mosquitoes are one of the world’s deadliest animals, transmitting many diseases including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya fever, among others. Over one million deaths per year are attributed to mosquito-borne diseases. Dengue viruses (DENV) cause the most significant arboviral disease, accounting for estimated 10,000 deaths and 100 million symptomatic infections per year in over 125 countries. In addition to these microbial diseases, mosquito bites can cause pain and allergic reactions that impact a person’s life quality. Both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar, honeydew, and plant juices; however, female mosquitoes also need a blood meal for productive reproduction. By a blood meal, a naive female mosquito may acquire an infectious agent (eg, virus) from an infected person, and pass it on to next person. Therefore, the host-seeking and blood-feeding behavior of female mosquitoes is a key determinant of persistent circulation of a virus in nature. Mosquitoes use eyes and olfactory sensors such as antenna and maxillary palps on their heads and straw-like mouthparts to see and sense environmental cues such as color, odor, carbon dioxide (CO2), and heat. In particular, mammalian body odors contain many volatile chemical compounds that influence mosquitoes’ behaviors, some of which are well-characterized mosquito attractants, including lactic acid, acetone, ammonia, etc.(Dormont et al., 2021). However, these cues may vary from a person to another, or vary with the physiological conditions of the same person, such as lifestyle, skin microbiota, and health conditions. These variations may at least in part underlie differential individual attractiveness to mosquitoes. For example, pregnancy may lead to consumption of more food, resulting in the emission of more CO2 and other mosquito attractants (Himeidan et al., 2004). Age is also potentially associated with susceptibility to mosquito bites; adults seem more attractive to mosquitoes than children do. However, the influence of gender on mosquito attraction is still inconclusive. By modifying the metabolic rate and the release of volatile metabolites, diets obviously make a significant difference in a person’s body cues for mosquitoes; consumption of beers and bananas could make a person tastier to mosquitoes (Ellwanger et al., 2021). The human genetics could also influence human attractiveness to mosquitoes, in part, by influencing volatile odors and other metabolites (Ellwanger et al., 2021). A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 538G/A of the ABCC11 gene affects the production of human axillary odor. Mosquitoes seem to prefer people with blood type O to people with blood type A, and type A to type B (Ellwanger et al., 2021). The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Cw∗ 07 allele is associated with an increased production of mosquito attractants including lactic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid and octanal. A genomewide association study (GWAS) involving 16,576 European individuals revealed that several SNPs with immune genes could be associated with human susceptibility to mosquito