SELF‐RECOGNITION *
SELF‐RECOGNITION *
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自我认可*
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb18940.x
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发表时间：
1965
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
G. Nossal
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Nossal
长期以来，人们一直认为自我识别现象是免疫系统的一个重要特性。具体来说，人们认为，当与任何身体成分不同的物质（因此是“外来的”）进入组织时，或多或少的抗体形成是不可避免的后果;而当自体蛋白质类似地呈递给网状内皮系统时，它们以某种不同的方式处理，而不涉及免疫反应。此外，大多数主动获得性免疫耐受的理论假设，通过早期和大量接触抗原，免疫系统已被“欺骗”，将抗原视为自体成分。当处于耐受状态时，动物处理抗原就像处理“自身”蛋白质一样。尽管有大量关于耐受性的文献，但令人惊讶的是，这一基本假设似乎没有经过实验检验。我们对抗原在特异性耐受动物体内的分布和转归知之甚少;没有定量信息可以精确地告诉我们，在耐受动物的淋巴系统的各个细胞中，有多少抗原分子驻留在每个细胞中。事实上，我们也不知道在初次或二次免疫反应中，有多少抗原存在于抗体形成浆细胞内。由于缺乏精确的知识，许多关于耐受性的推测，以及关于某些形式的自身免疫性疾病可能代表的耐受性的破坏的推测，本身就有点模糊。作为更全面地了解抗原在免疫过程中作用的第一步，G。L.艾达和我，以及沃尔特和伊丽莎霍尔研究所的同事，用放射性标记的抗原进行了一些实验，我们认为，这些实验在设计上与以前报道的该领域的研究有很大的不同。在本文中，我希望总结的显着特点出现的实验，并审查其影响的理论抗体的形成和耐受性。已经确定，可溶性和颗粒性抗原都被网状内皮吞噬细胞主动摄取，并且它们可以在组织中持续很长一段时间。然而，详细的尝试，以图表的每一个分子的抗原，注射在一个单一的场合，从
It has long been thought that the phenomenon of self-recognition is a crucial property of the immune system.’ Specifically, it has been assumed that when substances different from any bodily constituent, and thus “foreign,” enter the tissues, antibody formation of greater or lesser degree is an inevitable sequel; whereas when autologous proteins are similarly presented to the reticuloendothelial system, they are dealt with in some different fashion which does not involve an immune response. Moreover, most theories of actively acquired immunological tolerance postulate that , through early and massive contact with antigen, the immune system has been “tricked” into regarding an antigen as an autologous constituent. While in a state of tolerance, the animal handles the antigen as i t would a “self” protein. Despite the extensive literature on tolerance, it is somewhat surprising to find that this basic postulate appears not to have been tested experimentally. We know very little about the distribution and fate of antigen in animals rendered specifically tolerant; there is no quantitative information available to tell us precisely how many molecules of antigen are resident in each of the various cells of the lymphoid system in a tolerant animal. Nor, indeed, do we know how much antigen is present inside antibodyforming plasma cells during a primary or secondary immune response. Because of this lack of precise knowledge, much of the speculation about tolerance, and about the breakdown of tolerance which some forms of autoimmune disease may represent, has itself had a somewhat vague flavor. As a first step towards achieving more complete understanding of the role of antigen in immune processes, G. L. Ada and I , together with colleagues from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, have performed a number of experimentszR with radioactively-labeled antigens, which, we feel, differ considerably in design from previously-reported studies in this field. In this paper I wish to summarize the salient features emerging from the experiments, and to review their implications for theories of antibody formation and tolerance. I t is well established that both soluble and particulate antigens are actively taken up by the reticuloendothelial phagocytes, and that they may persist in tissues for long periods of time. However, detailed attempts to chart the passage of every molecule of antigen, injected on a single occasion, from the